Gemini IV was the second crewed mission of the Gemini series. Astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White successfully completed the four-day flight betw…
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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATlo-1
ROUTING SLIP
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TEL. NO · (or ,ode) & EXT.
NASA FORM 26 APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED
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Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965
To A/Administrator
From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities
Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several
new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight
readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are
now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are:
extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration
of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these
flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic
report.
Enclosure:
MOR No. 913-65-04
Change 1
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
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M-913-65-04
ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES
Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now
planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission:
1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot
umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in
flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects.
2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one
man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without
a spacecraft tether on future missions.
3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This
activity wilI provide valuable early information and maneuvering
procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing
lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle
have been instaIled on the booster second stage for this test.
The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch
vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The
first two orbits wilI be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one
quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be
sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark
adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the
spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The
pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity.
This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the
emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii,
at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized
and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At
this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and
hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a
release command. Upon command, White wiII push off slowly and reorient
himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still
camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo
graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After
testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will
maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated
from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside
with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension
Island on the start of the third orbit.
Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wilI maneuver ahead of the booster
with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the
spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will
rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft
6/1/65 Page 1
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M-913-65-04
will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation
maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence.
The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of
unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling
booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew
will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous
maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle a bove
the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the
star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertia l platform display , the
crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component
of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly
toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot
will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to
reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard
instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure.
The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over
the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit.
After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate
from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini
spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days.
The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so
successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new
features:
a. Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal,
impact, and micrometeorite protection.
b. Torso -
1. Change to Nomex (HT-1) 11 Linknet 11 in restraint layer for increased
structure I strength.
2. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure.
3. Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with
automatic locking and redundant sealing features.
4. Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and
mi crometeori ty cover layer.
c. Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion
resistance and thermal protection.
d. Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design.
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M-913-65-04
Figure 1 depicts the
principal physical
differences between
the old G3C suit
and the new EVA
G4C suit. Figure
2 shows that with
one visor down on
the new G4C helmet,
there is practi ca I ly
no attenutation of
Ii ght entering, whereas
Figure 3 shows that
with two of the visors
down there is a
noticeable difference
in the amount of
light that enters the
astronaut's eyes. FIG.
With the third visor
down, there would
be a similar decrease
in the amount of
I ight al lowed to enter
the helmet.
The multivarious layers
of materials used in
the EVA G4C suits
are delineated in
Figure 4. It should G-4C
be noted that the old OVER VISOR
G3C suit consisted SPACE
only of the pressure HELMET
and restraint layers
of Figure 4 with the
HT -1 nylon outer
protective layer.
The EVA spacesuit
has received the
following qualifi
cation tests:
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• M-913-65-04
G-4C
OVERVISOR
SPACE
HELMET
FIG. 3
G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT
THERMAL AND PRESSURE AND
MICROMETEOROID RESTRAINT
HH NYLON OUITR
LAYERS LAYERS
~6~~ T~~~~~} ~~~;:)
USE: WEAR AND
SOLAR REFLECTANCE
COTTON CONSTANT "[AR
~Ng~~;:r~~m
OXFORD NYLOt-i
COf.JORT LAY.R
11 oz,vo 2 swu
PRCSSURE LAYER
_ _ _ _ NEOPRE~E COATEO NYLON
11-1·2ozvo21
r----- RESTRAINT lAVlR
UM( NH DACRON
Al.;Q HflO~
7 LAYERS ALUMIN IZEO u-J 4 oz vo 21
MYLAR SEPARATED BY
7 LAYCAS UNWOVEN
DACRON SPACERS HH NYLON INNER MICROr,,'tn OROID
STOPPER LAYERS
!EACH 6. 8 OZ/YD 2 WH IT[ I US E: WEAR
ANO MICR0~,1£TEO ROI D PRO TE CT ION
FIG. 4
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M-913-65-04
a. Leakage
b. Proof pressure
c. 02 compatibility
d. Ejection envelope
e. Cold temperature
f. Rapid decompression
g. Life cycling
h. Visor testing
Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying
a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con
sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving.
It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have
undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a
simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis
during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking
pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA.
The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral
Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and
accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing
nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It
includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography.
FIG. 5
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Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
MEMORANDUM May 24, 1965
To A/Administrator
From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4)
GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to
be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after
3 June 1965. This wi 11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest
ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further
demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days.
The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is
to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft wi 11 be inserted
into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees.
The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50
minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation, 11 being
members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the
command pilot and Edward H. White, II will be the pilot. Because the duration
of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the post-
flight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with
previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier,
the USS WASP.
After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the
four-day mission, the spacecraft wi 11 reenter and touchdown approximately 400
miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval.
Enclosure
MOR Noo M-913-65-04
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
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Report No. M-913-65-04
MISSION OPERATION REPORT
GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR
(GT-4)
OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
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FOREWORD
MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the
use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra
tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur
pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with
timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans
and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles.
Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project
just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each
mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in
formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10.
Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen
eral Management and they are not available for additiona l or general
distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive
series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions
which are available for general distribution.
Pub Iishec and Distributed
by
OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS
OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D. C. 20546
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M-913-65-04
GENERAL
Rtndczvous guidance Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second
& recovery system _ _ __ _,
manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and
11 Ft
the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to
develop long-duration and rendezvous capability,
8 Ft
docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities,
and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini
flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability;
Separation point spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft
Oxidizer tank systems performance and crew accommodation
•Equipment bay qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is
27 Ft intended to further demonstrate manned space
flight for a period of four days, the longest
ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle
is depicted in Figure 1.
Stage 11 engine
thrust chamber
MISSION OBJECTIVES
108 Ft PRIMARY
10 Ft • Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of
the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period
exceeding four days.
• Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure
to the space environment on the two-man
Oxidizer flight crew in preparation for missions of
tank
longer duration.
SECONDARY
• Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire
backup.
• Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and
flight crew to make significant in-plane and
out-of-plane maneuvers.
Stage I engine
g1mbal point • Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft
systems as outlined below:
1 . Structure and thermo I protection
2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
•Equipment bay contains: 3. Crew stations
• Batteries· 4. Guidance and Control System
• Malfunction detection system IMOSI units
• Range safety command control system 5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System
• Programmer
• Three-axis reference system !TARSI
(OAMS)
• Radio guidance system IRGSI
• Autopilot
• Instrumentation and telemetry system • Execute the fol Iowing experiments:
• D-1, Basic Object Photography
FIG. • D-6, Surface Photography
• D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
• D-9, Simple Navigation
• M-3, In-Flight Exercises
• M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
• M-6, Bone Demineralization
• MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
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M-913-65-04
• MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer
• MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
• MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos
• S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography
• S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography
UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION
One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It
will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew . Another highly
interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time wil I be from the
Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control
Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as
a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be
used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will
man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four
day mission. Crew control of reentry will be ac~omplished by tracking the roll
needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3.
The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific
and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on
GT-3 has the fol lowing new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure
closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the
outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the
unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate. a mission before orbital
insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program . In that program,
the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad,
would have been large enough to ABORT PROCEDURES
engulf an ejecting astronaut, so
MOOE I - EJECT AfTEll SHUTDOWN
it was necessary to add an escape
MOOE ll - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN
rocket to Iift the entire spacecraft
MODE ID - SHUTDOWN, SE PARATE, TURN AROUND,
free of the area. The GLV, on RETROFIRE
the other hand, uses self-igniting
fuels which, upon mixing, create a
fi reba II sma II enough so that the
astronauts can eject from the
spacecraft in much the same man
ner as is done in today's high
performance jet aircraft. This
is called the Mode I abort pro
-□~
OEIAYEO
MOOE
cedure. The three abort modes n
(WA IT 5
are more fully defined by the SECS )
altitude and elapsed time-after 15,000FT. _ _ _ _ __.__ _ _~--'<-+--~-
launch parameters depicted on
Figure 2.
FIG . 2
' ~' MOOE
I
50
SECONDS
SEA LEVEL- - - - - - - - - - - ' ' - -- - L - - ' - -
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M-931-65-04
LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting an Air Force
Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18
feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the
two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting
upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea
level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of
the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR 1 s and what follows is additional
information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer
standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding
vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute
cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate
indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to
provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed
from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has
been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch
control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset
signals are inadvertently applied during checkout.
TABLE I
PROJECT COST
(In Millions)
FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66 FY 67 Total
Spacecraft 30.3 205. 1 280.5 165.3 122.7 19. 1 823.0
Launch Vehicle 24.4 79. 1 122.7 115.4 88.6 8.5 438.7
Operational
Support 0 1 4.9 15. 7 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2
Total RD & 0 54.8 289. 1 418.9 308.4 242. 1 40.6 1353.9
This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space
craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs
of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment.
SPACECRAFT
The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter
section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration
will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have
been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter
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M-913-65-04
batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811
package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act
through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the
adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed.
The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light
can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section
has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has
been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing
from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi 11 be dumped
directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a
solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to
dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main
chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a
zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed.
EXPERIMENTS
The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages:
1. D-1, Basic Object Photography
In conducting this experiment, the as D-1 BASIC OBJECT
tronauts will employ elaborate photo PHOTOGRAPHY
optical equipment to investigate the
technical problems associated with
observing, evaluating, and photo
graphing objects in space. These
objects include the 2nd stage of
the launch vehicle and natural
celestial bodies such as the moon.
Data from this experiment will be
used to evaluate the astronauts'
ability to view and track objects,
and to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Equipment which wi 11
be used is illustrated in Figure 3.
FIG. 3
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M-913-65-04
2. D-6, Surface Photography
This experiment wi 11 investigate 0-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY
the technical problems associated
with an astronaut's ability to
acquire, track, and photograph
terrestrial objects from a space
craft with more elaborate photo
opti ca I equipment than that used
previously. The astronaut will
photograph selected series of
objects during day-side and
night-side intervals of the flight
using specified Iens-fi Im combi
nations. The resulting data wi 11
be used to eva Iuate the astronaut's
ability to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the
camera mount installed on the FIG. 4
spacecraft window.
3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT
Data from this experiment will be
(PORTABLE UNIT)
used to supplement external radi
ation measurements in studying
the dose levels within the space
craft resulting from passes through
regions of varying radiation
intensity. Two tissue-equivalent,
current-mode ionization chambers
wi 11 be used to measure the
variation of absorbed dose-rate
inside the spacecraft. Five
small packets containing radia
tion detection and measurement
devices will be placed at
various locations in the cabin
to ascertain their suitability as
convenient dosimeters of space
radiation and measure total FIG. 5
accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows
some of the equipment to be used
for this experiment.
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M-913-65-04
4. D-9, Simple Navigation
This experiment is designed to 0-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION
develop and test navigation pro
cedures which employ a simple
stadimetric device and a sextant
to make sightings and measurements
in space using the horizon and
stars as references. Data from
sightings wi 11 be used in compu
tations to determine orbital
parameters. These results wi 11
be compared with actual
parameters to determine the
accuracy of the procedures.
The hand held sextant to be used
is shown in Figure 6.
HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT
MG5-8097
FIG. 6
5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser
The purpose of this experiment is
to assess the astronauts' capacity M-3 IN-FLIGHT
to perform physi ca I work under EXERCISER
spacecraft conditions. Monitored
exercise wil I be performed by the
astronauts prior to the flight to
establish control data. l·s otonic
exercises employing a bungee
cord and involving the arms and
legs wi 11 be taken prior to and
a.fter exercising. Pulse rate wil I
be monitored continuously. The
inflight data obtained wil I be
compared with the control data
to determine the· capacity for
work in space. Figure 7 shows
the manner in which this exercise
wi 11 be performed. FIG. 7
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M-913-65-04
6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
The purpose of this experiment is
to measure the fatigue-stage of an
astronaut's heart muscle during a
M-4 IN-FLIGHT
long-duration flight. A microphone PHONOCARDIOGRAM
wi ll be applied to an astronaut's
chest wal I at the cardiac apex.
Heart sounds detected during the
flight will be recorded on an on
board biomedical recorder. The
sound trace wi 11 be compared to
the waveform obtained from a
simultaneous infl ight electro
cardiogram to determine the time
interval between electrical PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM
TRANSDUCER AND
activation of the heart muscle
SIGNAL CONDITIONER
and the onset of ventricular
systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the
method of installation of the phono FIG . 8
cardiogram transducer.
7. M-6, Bone Demineralization
The purpose of this experiment
is to establish the occurrence
GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M·&
and degree of bone demi nera Ii
zati on resulting from prolonged BONE DEMINERALIZATION
weightlessness during spaceflight. ESTABLISH DEGREE
Spec ia I X-rays wi 11 be ta ken of PURPOSE OF BONE
DETERIORATION
an astronaut's heel bone and the
terminal bone of the fifth digit EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY
of the right hand. Three pre
flight and three postflight WEIGHT N/ A VOLUME N/ A
exposures wi 11 be taken of these
two bones and compared to PRE AND POST
PROCEDURE FLIGHT x-RAY
determine if any bone deminerali
i
zation has occurred due to the
space flight. Figure 9 i 11 ustrates
the laboratory procedure which will
be used for this experiment.
LOCATION N/ A
" '
MG4-1886
FIG. 9
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M-913-65-04
8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
Before rendezvous missions are
attempted, an investigation MSC-1
must be made of the possibility ELECTROSTATIC
of inadvertent ignition of
pyrotechnics and other detri- CHARGE
menta I effects due to discharge
of electrostatic charge potentials
during rendezvous. In this
experiment, an electrostatic
potential meter, which protrudes
through the wa 11 of the space-
craft adapter assembly, wi 11 be
used to detect and measure any
accumulated electrostatic charge
that may be created on the
surface of the spacecraft by
ionization from engine exhaust.
FIG. 10
This do ta wi 11 be a no Iyzed to
determine if the charge is adequate
to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig
ure 10 shows the detector instal lotion.
9. MSC-2, Proton Electron
Spectrometer
This experiment is designed to
measure the quantity and energy
of protons and electrons present
immediately exterior to the
orbiting spacecraft. This wil I be MSC-2
accomplished by means of a
scintillating-crystal, charged
PROTON
particle analyzer mounted on ELECTRON
the adapter assembly of the
spacecraft. Data from this SPECTROMETER
experiment wil I be used to
correlate radiation measure-
ments made inside the space
craft and to predict radiation
levels on future space missions.
The proton electron spectrometer
instal lotion is shown in Figure 11 . FIG. 11
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M-913-65-04
10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
In this experiment, the
direction and magnitude
of the earth's magnetic
field with respect to the
spacecraft will be measured. MSC-3 TRI-AXIS
A tri-axis fluxgate magneto-
meter, mounted in the adapter
MAGNETOMETER
assembly of the spacecraft wi 11
be used. The equipment instal lo
tion is shown in Figure 12.
FIG. 12
- 11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's
Limb Photos MSC-10 TWO-COLOR
The astronaut wil I obtain photo EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS
graphs of the earth's limb using
a hand-held camera, black and
white film, and a special filter
mosaic which will allow each
picture to be taken partly
through a red filter and partly
through a blue filter. After
the flight, the negative will
be subjected to careful measure
ments, and the resulting data
will be used in statistical
analyses to evaluate the limb
radiance. These studies will
MG5·8105
be used to determine if the
sun-lit earth's limit can be
reliably observed in the short FIG. 13
visible or near-ultraviolet spectral
region. The camera to be used for
this experiment is shown in Figure 13.
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M-913-65-04
12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain
Photography GEMINI DPEltllfNT NO. S.5
The objective of this experi SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY
ment is to obtain high quality
photographs of selected parts PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGIAPHS
of the earth's surface. The Of THI EARTH'SSUlfACf
spa1.,c:craft will be manually EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM
oriented from an orbit mode
attitude to a moderately high WEIGHT I LI. VOlUMI 0.036 CU. n.
camera depression angle attitude.
After a series of photographs PROCEDURE POSITION sm1mn, TAIi
PICTURES
has been taken, the spacecraft
will be reoriented to the orbit LOCATION PRISSURIZID CAIIN
mode attitude. Four spacecraft ,.,.. .:t
PMOTOGUIH Of THI HIIAlAUS IN THI NIDIA, IIIPAl, 11111 IOROII AHA, THIN IT ASTRONAUT
orientation maneuvers will be l. GOIDON C00,11, JI., DUIING HIS 22-01111 IA-f IIISSION. MC4· 1768
required during which approxi
mately 40 pictures will be
taken over areas of the
United States. Figure 14 shows FIG. 14
one of the photos taken by Gordon
Cooper which is similar to the
terrain photographs planned .
13. S-6, Synoptic Weather
Photography
GOIN OPIIIIINT NO. S-6
The objective of this experi
SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY
ment is to learn more about
the earth's weather systems by
obtaining high quality photo PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY aoue
graphs of selected cloud for PHOTOGIAPHS
mations. As in experiment EQUIPMENT 10 11 CAMDA Me ,u
S-5, the spacecraft will be
oriented from an orbit mode WEIGHT I LI. YOlUMl 0.036 cu. n.
attitude to a moderately high
camera depression angle attitude. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACKWT Me TAIi
After a series of photographs PNOTOGIAPIIS
has been taken, the spacecraft
lOCATION PIISSUIIZED WIN
wi 11 be reoriented to the orbit
mode attitude. Approximately
PIIOIOGUPH Of ClOUDS AND lffl IUIIIA 11S1 COAi!. WIST Of UNOOII. TWI 1Y
10 orientation maneuvers will ASIIOIIAUI l. IOIDOII COOPII, ll, DU- HIS 22-11 IA•t IIISSIOII. MC4· I767
be required during which
approximately 40 pictures will
be taken. The photograph shown FIG. 15
in Figure 15 taken by Gordon
Cooper is similar to those planned
on this flight.
5/24/65 Page 10
--- PAGE 21 ---
M-913-65-04
ASTRONAUTS
The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot
will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman
as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies
follow:
FIG. 16 FIG. 17
JAMES A. MCDIVITT
Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the
University of Michigan with a B. S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is ma rried
to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. McDivitt
joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three
Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals and the Choo Moo Medal from South
Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Expe rimental Test Pilot
School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served
at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivi tt has
logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including 2,500 hours in jet aircraft.
McDivitt was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to
participating in the overal I astronaut training program he has had additional specialized
duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance
and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as wel I as monitoring
the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules.
EDWARD H. WHITE II
Born in San Antonio, Texas, on November 14, 1930. White received his B.S. from
the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from
5/24/65 Page 11
--- PAGE 22 ---
M-913-65-04
I
'
the University of Michigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of
Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, an Air Force Major, received
flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point.
He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base,
California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems
Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons
systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen
dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more
than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft.
White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in
September 1962.
FRANK BORMAN
Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re
ceived his B.S. from the United States Military Academy
and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the
California Institute of Technology. He is married to
the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has
two sons.
Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air
Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received
his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California
From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in
the United States and in the Philippines and was an
instructor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at
the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. He was
graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots
FIG. 18
School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor.
In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic
lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief
ings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing.
Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours flying time,
including more than 3,600 hours in jet aircraft.
Borman was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA
in September l 962.
JAMES A. LOVELL, JR.
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He
received his B. S. from the United States Naval
Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn
Gerlach of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has three
children.
Love II, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received
flight training following his graduation from
Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval
FIG. 19
5/24/65 Page 12
--- PAGE 23 ---
M-913-65-04
aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air
Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as
program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated
from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He
served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the
Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying
time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft.
Love II was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to
participating in the overal I astronaut training program, he has been assigned
special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of
recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental
control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery.
TRAJECTORY
The launch trajectory
for the GT-4 mission
wi 11 be similar to that
flown by GT-3. ln-
serti on wi 11 be at the same
811Ul
altitude, 87 miles, but
the first apogee of GT-4
MODE 111: SHUTDOWN
will be 161 miles. The . j •SEPARATE SIC
Gemini launch sequence 5:10 CHANGE -·-·- •RETRO &REBffllY
is shown in Figure 20. A200.m ABORT MOOl SEflllNCE
L
FLIGHT PLAN
T
I
2:48 START
RADIO GUIDANCE
2:34 BECO
j. 11:SHUTDOWN
SALVO RETROS
~.ET11SON RETRO
T 5.5G·s •=SEOllll:E
In addition to the various
orbi ta I maneuvers to be
U 75,000' 1:40 CHANG
ABORT MOOE
1·-
pe rformed during the mis ~ 42.000' 1:19 MAX Q IIElAYEO AQIE U:SfUTOOWN
•WAIT 5SECONDS
sion, as ca Iled out in 25.000' •SALVO RETim
Table II, other activities •JETTISON RmO
15.000' 0:50 CHANGE ABORT····-···-· •• SECTIII
will be taking place as •I.AIIN SBIIIIG
MODE
is shown below in Table
2500' Q:23 START PITCH
111, a summarization of
the Flight Plan. The 2000· Q:20 STOP ROLL 012• l:EJECT
~l
consumable items loaded
onboard the spacecraft Q:10 START ROLL oas·
are shown in Table IV.
0
:OO LIFT OFF- - ...-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _...
50
RANG -NAUTICAL MIES
•
-
FIG. 20
• Page 13
5/24/65
--- PAGE 24 ---
MANEUVER HP/HA TRANSLA-
~v AFTER POINT OF DIRECTION TIONAL
MANEUVERS APPLICATION OF THRUST THRUSTER PURPOSE
Sepa ra tion l0FPS 87/161 N.M. SECO+2- FWD AFT S/ C-Booster Separation
1 ?FPS 91/161 N.M. 2d Apogee FWD FWD Adjust lifetime {for insertion dispersions.
Evaluate thruster operation.
2A 12FPS Apogee of FWD Left Ad just Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation .
30th Rev.
+TSC #1 5FPS Approx. 15 min Left Right Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual
afte r 2A characteristics of thruster plume .
TSC #2 5FPS 5 min. a fter Down Up Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual
TSC #1 c haracterist ics of th ruster plume.
TSC #3 5FPS 5 min after Up Down Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual
TSC #2 characteristics of thruster plume.
28 27FPS 94/ 134 N.M. Perigee AFT AFT Adjust lifetime. Evaluate 3-axis
fol lowing 2A application.
3A 4FPS Apogee of FWD FWD Adjust Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation.
45th Rev .
3B 6FPS 93/ 124 N.M. Perigee AFT FWD Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. s::
following -b
(,J
I
4 1 l0FPS 45/99 62d Rev. AFT AFT Achieve OAMS retrofire. Evaluate thruster
(45/97)* {or 66th Rev. )* operation. °'I
0,
*FOR PACIFIC LANDING ~
+TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM CHECK
--- PAGE 25 ---
M-913-65-04
TABLE Ill
IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES
Time Revolution Function
No. EVENT CP p Dav Niaht
HRS:MIN
0:12 1 Insertion Check I ist X X X
1:45 2 D-9 Experiment X X X
Translation Maneuver X X
4:35 3-4 D-6 Experiment X X
7:45 5-6 MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments X X
M-3 Experiment X X
11:15 7-8 MSC-2 and 3 Experiments X X
D-8 Experiment X X
13:05 9 D-9 Experiment X
17:05 11 D-1 Experiment X X
19:52 13-14 M-3 Experiment X
24:00 16 S-5 Experiment X
25:58 17-18 HF Communication Tests X X X
29:25 19 D-9 Experiment X X
31 :20 20 S-6 Experiment X X
31 :40 21 MSC-2 & # Experiments X X
D-8 Experiment X X
33:20 22 D-8 Experiment X X
S-6 Exoeriment X X
43:00 28 S-6 Experiment X
S-5 Experiment X X
44:25 29 S-6 Experiment X X
M-3 Experiment X
46:48 30 MSC-1 Experiment X X
Translation Maneuvers X X
47:33 31 Translation Maneuvers X X
Thruster Failure Check X X
Power Down S/C X X X
S-5 Experiment X
S-6 Experiment X
52:30 33-34 M-3 Experiment X X
54:35 35 D-9 Experiment X X X
MSC-2 & 3 Experiments :.<. X
56:35 36-37 S-6 Experiment X X
41 D-9 Exoeriment X )(
70:26 46 Translation Maneuvers X X
M-3 Experiment X
Apollo Yaw Orientation X X X X
Power Down S/ C X X X
76:30 49 M-3 Experiment X X
77:20 50 D-9 Exoeriment X X )(
90:45 58 Power Down S/ C X X X
95:45 61 M-3 Experiment X X
96-35 62 Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes X X X
Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist
97:32 Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro X X X
Checklist
97:46 63 Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot X X X
Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy,
Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown,
Post-Landing Checklist
5/24/65 Page 15
--- PAGE 26 ---
M-913-65-03
TABLE IV
GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS
ITEM QUANTITY REMARKS
Batteries 703 Ibs. based Each battery has a
on a 2400 A-h 400 A-h capacity
OAMS Propel Iants
Odixizer 246 lbs
Fuel 164 lbs
Oxygen
Primary 52 lbs Egress bottle are also
Secondary 13 lbs carried if ejection is
required.
Lithium Hydroxide 97 lbs
Food lb lbs
Drinking Water
Spacecraft 14 lbs
Adapter 61 lbs
RCS Propellants
O x idize r 40. 4 lbs
Fuel 3l.61bs
GEMINI PARACHUTE LANDING SEQUENCE
LANDING SEQUENCE
50,000 FEET
21 , 000 FEET
\ - HIGH ALTITUDE
DROGUE CHUTE
DEPLOYED
t
- Oft:N CABIN VfNT
VALVE
At the end of the mission, the parachute 10, 600 FEET - PILOT PARA.CHUTE
DEPLOYED
landing sequence shown in Figure 21 will 9,600 FEET - It A It SECTION
be employed. One item that should be SEPARAT ION
mentioned in this regard is that should the 9,000 FEET - MAINCHUTE
DEPLOYMENT
84-foot main parachute fail to open, the
!'
crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject
ing and using their personal parachutes to
effect a safe water landing. The latter
sequence would also be employed should 6,700 FEET - TWO-POINT
SUSPENSION
the spacecraft come in overland instead of
the intended water landing.
FIG. 21
1,500 FEET
SEA LEVEL
1_
~~- JffilSONCHUTf
-
- CABIN WA.Tflt
SEAL CLOSED
TOUCHDOWN
~ -
5/ 24/65 Page 16
--- PAGE 27 ---
M-913-65-03
MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY
The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his
direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc
tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the
cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a
space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period.
TITLE NAME ORGANIZATION
Program Director (Acting) Dr. G . E. Mueller NASA Headquarters
Deputy Program Director Mr . W.C. Schneider NASA Headquarters
Program Manager Mr . C. W. Mathews MSC
Mission Director Mr. C.C. Kraft MSC
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
NASA HEADQUARTERS
Office of Manned Space Fliqht
I
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Manned Soacecraft Center
I
TRACKING & DATA
ACQUISITION SPACECRAFT LAUNCH VEHICLE
MSC MSC MSC
GSFC McDonnell Aircraft Co. SSD
ETR Aerospace Corporation
Martin Company
Aerojet General
OPERATIONS ORGAN IZATION FOR MISS IO N PERIOD
DOD Mgr for
MISSION DIRECTOR MS F Support
Staff ...__ _--.-_ _ __ _ , - - - -- - - - - ~ Operations
Gemini Flight
Ops Rep Gemini
Requirements Program
Coordinator Manager
Security
Officer Deputy for DO D
Meteorologica l. Flight Recovery
Group Operati ons Director
At las/ Agena Medical Publ ic Fl ight
Launch Director Affa irs Crew
Director Director Director
---------------------------------- Flight
Crew
Medical
Monitor
5/24/65 Page 17
--- PAGE 28 ---
M-913-65-04
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
The ground support network for GT-4 wi 11 be the Gemini Manned Space Flight
Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will
be , however, some mi nor modifications to th e MSFN for the GT-4 miss ion.
These changes for the GT-4 fl ight are prima rily in loca t ing the range t racking
ships in positions most advantageous fo r the orbits to be flown .
TABLE V - NETWORK REQ UIREMENTS FOR GT-4
Tracki ng Telemetry Fli ght
A/ G
Ra dar Mi strom Ac q. aid G emini la unc h Spacec ra ft Comme nd
vo i ce
Controll er
Network vehi cl e Manned
G round Sta tion Code C or oth ers as I isted Li nks
PCM FM/ FN R/T D/T RSDP * DCS Tone UHF HF Sites
Band re ceived
Merritt Island M ILA X
Cope Ken nedy/ CNV/ GE-Mod 111 - G X X Xa 3 X X X X X X X X
M iss ion Contro l MCC
Patri ck AFB PAFB X
lr.:.""d Bahamas G BI X Xb Xo 3 Xb X Xe Xe Xe Xe
Grand Turk GTI X 3 Xb X X Xe Xe Xe Xe
IAnti ouo A NT X 3 Xe X X Xe Xe Xe
Asce nsion Island ASC X Xe Xe
Valkario Fla . VA L X
Eleuthera Island ELU X
Bermuda BDA X X 3 Xb X X Xe Xe Xe
Conarv Is land CYI X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X
Kono N iae rio KNO X 2 Xo Xe Xe
Tananari ve TAN 2 Xo Xe Xe
Corna rvo n CRO X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe . X
Canton Is land CTN X 2 Xa Xe Xe
Hawaii HAW X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X
Guovmos Mex. GYM X 3 X X X Xe Xe X
Corous Christi TEX X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X
Rose Knot V i ctor RKV X 3 X X X X X X X
Coasta l Se ntrv CSQ X 3 X X X X X X X
Rana e Tracker RTK X X 2 Xo Xe Xe
Pt ArQuello, Cal CA L X X Xe Xe
White Sa nd~ NM WHS X X
Ea lin AFB EG L X X
M SC , Houston MCC X X
ITe lemetry Airc ra ft (d)
NOTES:
a - Record Only c - Remoted to ond from the MCC
b - Remoted to MCC d - Three te lemetry aircraft i n pri mary recovery area
* Remote Site Data Process (R SDP)
The ground network support facilities include the MCC-Houston, Cape Kennedy
(CNV), Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) downrange stations, the MSFN,
and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Real time tracking and the acqui
sition of data for post flight evaluation will be provided by optical and photo
graphic systems, MISTRAM, GE Mod Ill radar, C-band radar, and the Impact
Predictor OP) 7094. The network as listed in Table V will monitor spacecraft
and launch vehicle PCM telemetry. The flight controller-manned stations, as
shown in Table V will display selected spacecraft data for real-time evaluation
and transmit these data to the MCC via teletype. The MCC will use both the
Digital Command System (DCS) for transmitting commands. All the remote sites
that are flight controller-manned, except for GYM, will have the DCS command
capability. Tone commands for use by the Range Safety Officer will be used for
manual fuel cutoff (MFCO), auxiliary second stage cutoff (ASCO), and Destruct.
5/24/65 Page 18
--- PAGE 29 ---
-0
0
(0
(1)
I \ /J I \
P ,I C / I
TH
I / /_ I \ / / l
w
I
0-
<.n
I
0
.i,..
FIG. 22
--- PAGE 30 ---
M-913-65-04
BACKGROUND
Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man
orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man
lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to
increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational
techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become:
a. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen days
b. Rendezvous and maneuver in space
c. Docking with a target vehicle
d. Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts
e. Control led reentry
f. Operational training for al I flight personnel concerned
To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which
this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital
insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation
qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space
flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration.
The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two
astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI ' with type of missson and approximate date
of flight:
TABLE VI
Mission No. Mission Objectives Date
GT-5 Seven-day flight with experiments* Latter 1965
GTA-6 Radar rendezvous and docking Early 1966
GT-7 14-day Extra-vehicular activities Early 1966
GTA-8 Optical rendezvous and docking Early 1966
GTA-9 Simultaneous countdown and Mid 1966
rendezvous
GTA-10 Direct rendezvous Mid 1966
GTA-11 Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation Late 1966
GTA-12 Apollo-LEM abort simulation Early 1967
*Includes rendezvous evaluation pod
The planned end-of-the-mission touchdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi
mately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda as is shown in Figure 23. This is the primary
landing area. The GT-4 mission employs a zone concept for recovery which estab
lishes four recovery zones: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid
Pacific. Each zone consists of a circular area with a radius of 240 nautical miles
in which various ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta
tioned only in the primary landing area as ii lustrated in the recovery forces diagram
5/24/65 Page 20
--- PAGE 31 ---
M-913-65-04
GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES,
RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES
;J
\)
DO
00
30"
~
00 HICKAM 0
00
00
0 GUAM
O"
~ PRIMARY
l~ RECOVERYAREA
0 PAGO PAGO
8 REEm;~ANEA "
CVS CARRI ER
30"
00 OESTROYER
AO OILER
0 CO NTINGE NCY /)};;
RESCUE FORC ES
FIG. 23
of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency
landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been
necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen,
and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to
render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to
the bases shown in Figure 23 .
It should be noted that there
are numerous types of aircraft
in the launch area and primary RECOVERY AREA FORCES
landing area for telemetry,
weather reconnaissance, aerial ARS AIRCRAF T PRIMARY RECOV ERY ZONE
photography, and recovery (480 MILES N DIAM ETER )
operations. In addition to
these aircraft there are also
several helicopters in the pri
mary recovery area from the
aircraft carrier that are carry LANDING FOOTPRINT
(ELLIPSE - 200 MILES BY
ing swimmers. These swimmers 40 MILES)
deploy into the water and
attach an auxiliary flotation
collar to the spacecraft. Launc USS WASP AND
ONE DESTROYE R
area recovery forces are de AT TOUCHDOWN POINT
3 WASP HELICOPTERS
picted in Figure 25. 1 WASP COMMAND
AIRCRAFT
1 USAF SSB RELAY AIRCRAFT ~ ARS AIRCRAFT
FIG. 24
5/24/65 Page 21
--- PAGE 32 ---
M-913-65-04
LAUNCH AREA RECOVERY FORCES
2 MINE
LANDING FOOTPRINT
USMC ( 27 MILES LONG)
\ AMPHIBS
USA
M 113
LARK
TANKS
FOUR HELICOPTERS
TWO PHOTO JETS
FIG. 25
5/24/65 Page 22
--- PAGE 33 ---
NASA ROUTING SLIP
ACTION
CODE NAME (if ,,,msary)
APPROVAi.
,. CONCURRENCE
FILE
INFORMATION
2.
INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE
NOTE ANO FOIIWAR0
3.
NOTE ANO RETURN
l'ER REQUEST
RECOMMENDATION
SEE ME
5.
SIGNATURE
REPlY fOR SIGNATURE OF,
6.
7.
REMARKS:
~ - Of4-· ~
~ ~~~--
&._. Q~u' HL ~
J)k ~ - ~ ~ 1-~t
I
l · J>~~P1~,~s
~A-- 'J- ~ ~ < L -~
f-i ~ o'\rv--J ~ J - ;-T;/::i, er_
lJ. 1/~ I
0ATE ,
NASA 'Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) u.s. GOY[RMN[NT PRINTING o,,ict ~ 196-& 0,-1571845-
--- PAGE 34 ---
NASA ROUTING SLIP
~ ACTION
CODE NAME (if 11«mary)
APPROVAi.
- CONCURRENCE
1. \6 ,-,----£ FILE
J • INFORMATION
2.
(- i/--e_ .. INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE
NOTE AND FORWARD
3.
NOTE AND RETURN
PU REQUEST
"· IIECOMMENDA TION
SEE ME
5.
SIGNATURE
REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF:
6.
7.
REMARKS ,
~~1" CT'µ:;:- I
©4;~"'1- r#- ft{ J' c_
~ z.s-- frGJ'
4. l
I
.
FROM: I CODE : I NAME :
~0_ I DATE :
N ASA f or m 26 ( Rev. Jan. 1963) (/ C U.S. GOVI RNM ! NT P RINTI NG Off' IC[ : 19H o,-67'8 4 5
--- PAGE 35 ---
EX l 3 ROUTING S L IP
- NA E
,
I NIT I AL
N. G. FOSTER
R. L. cox
w . A . EATON
G. C . HR A B AL
R . A. MO K E
F. B. NEWMAN
'
0. SM IS TAD
B . BROCKER
~ M. M ~ ~
FILE
-=>
E I A R KS
\..__ ----- fLc.. ~ C,,vL() z;
--- PAGE 36 ---
C..y 0~ AFT~NO<#,J Se-w,o~ <Dr
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Belt 11
)'.,; or· ~;omc.;U1j r.r ~ .Ulce t! ,r,.t ,Lovt', from looking at t e ai!'.' 0 10vfedge on
Now t he ai r ~l ow was discovered q1lit a number o· y ea s ago wh en it wa s
stud · cd .om t e ground the h ard way and, uh uh, by etometer (?)'
,1.nd l,y ( tri11.nguJ.;.i. t • on) , by tryi ng to determine h ow high i t wa s it was
many yea r n h r oJ"<• on· 1,a<l ::om,1 j< <'>L how ll lg}1 tr,c air 1.i:low really was,
ancl .ir1 a rnorm:11. wv "W j.ll .lrnl.i1:1d,· l1t)W in u. rrv-.1.l,L<·r- f ccr·ond.o Glenn and
-<! ....it..
, ,. c..-.
~ Cu.rp ·nL(·r- wac ·· lil • Lo <:Lr:r-m i 11C: in u mutter [" seconds how jgh
it w:.J,,s . /\ncl tl1< : r1 lie: d:i.<t v.wu.y w:i.tl, :,0 y :r.1.rs of' hard wor·k. Aga.in the e
W"l.ls :L dis,·ov _ ry 111a<'l.c Lh<..:.rc: hut LJ1c pc,in t WIL~: t;h at in a few ~ - c onds from
th . :L ht vant 11~ poj_ri L yn u cnn d > tl jolJ. Nuw with tl'ic air glow t hen
.Looki ng 'U/~(' 011 LL so L of ul1 , wt· ' l l . . . a band we never mean by
LK't.nd ·t red. l' 1.•f't't:tly tlc~ :i. 1'.ncrl arnl J.jkc.: i n th· s lide or som thing like
tlio.L. . i t :;urn l,j IIK: :; a Ji t;t;l • J'11z:1.y l,ut t:.l1i s j s U1c air glow band and thi s
C rp ·11t r nnd. li_y r·ock. ·t pn.::;~i11r.; L11r-()t.1/'.h the 'L.i.r elow. TJb th·I s is t h e air
glow dg on tl11tL we 1t1~v, _
h .ard ttl,rn1t Ut:Ls mot'ni.ng uli i t was u sed i n
-
er com1 rtion vlit}, l:h _ u:,,xtu.n) X'P'l"imc.m L.; ancl ' O on.
to 1: i vc y 0 11 ::om(: idcu. ol.' wl 1c-rc; we - :;l.1t11d. in 'l id/~l1tnes s .
Now 1 just wanted
N w ub, before
~tr.Jwv--~
C.-lc1 111 w-:tn l.n l1;rvc· ,'.onr· ,i!'I' 1rl , 1 tl1v thD1l1'.ht W' L(.; Lo have him i r l t imaJtl some
And NASA h ead-
And. nil , ull , ,John Glenn
w,1 :~ ; '. i v,·11 .-L 111 1.1.,-1,w , i 11l.('r· l', ·1 ·,·11cc l'i .1 l.1·1 · ve1·y slrnilar to thls t ype that was
1i:; <I ,,v,'r L1 1t· (;;,,xt,u;r. IJl 1 he , I re: , 11!.; , did not have ve y much time
--- PAGE 37 ---
Belt l l 2
l,o use it, but l,c did uh have a cha nc to ob s e .,_ve the air glow
-rith the naked eye and h e ·aw it edge on and h e a lle it , uh .
name for it a t the mome t and . a nd really t he first time you s e e
a thing l ike that y ou don ' t know whether it haze or l uminou s sort ; i t
d.oes look haz y . Uni'or·l.;unal~ ly t 11 . pr·er;s and other p eople ke pt tha t t e rm
•·l si:;t, ,• ,)11:,;i ••L .in1-~ 01 · dus t. p11:r:-tlc•J(\~_; :i 1ci s o <,n . ReH-l ly, wbat Glenn saw
wn. air · p;l w- tlt:'.t' on :t Jumillou$ l 1t_y·, ., ·. Thex·, · may be :i littl -· d st thee ,
l..,.~
may tinv " omctl 1i Tl/'. to -::.u.y ul>oul: l.t1a t , l,ut, the pr.cdominate feature
is j t ·i.s a ~elf J wninout: 11-y r . Now, C:.1.r:-:pe r,Lcr ha s mar. time to observe
i.t . lle took t h int rfC'r:- nee filt •re• hack u p with h j m and uh , he was
1:,.bl to tim a ::; La p as'"'inf( t h row~li U1c air f~low a s the star was s etting
1..1.nd lie n ote i I_; n.rni t u Tl ·cl :Lt V y c-nre rull y . throur;h the air
/'.low the u1)pt:r LI ; low r· and when :it cl .i :;app e 1u· :c . From that careful
LimJ 11e; inJ 'ut·ma.Li un ore wt1:~ utile to µ.i n ,town Uie ex act time of' the air
1-'.low. Ro 1w: li.ly •)() l d J.u 111eL(•1 · . /\nd Lili s -i.o wl 1:iL took mnn,y many years to
do 1·1 ·,,m Ll 1(' p:ni111 1d l,_y l.1 ·.ir1.rw.1 i.Ju.'\. :I ,)11 ( ·:·) w-J1 i <" I, i :~ ver ·y v ' r.y d.i ffic:u.lt cau se
you 1t<·v c1 · l<.11ow l11 n, l,u Lnk(· , ·,tr · u1 · 1.11111. Ln1nsml s s.i on W<i.S
o ic;c1 ·vation . Uh, we had h ped
J. iglrt 1vl1 :i<- il is very d iffi ult to s ee
I H'1J.r- I.I1c :;1111 , c111 c trtl, yrn1 ,·itn ~;(' (' i t, c,1uy 1.ri 1('TI the s un :is , oh, some
--- PAGE 38 ---
C--
l:r:lt l l
v/1 • some: L:i.rnr: sec :. ;.3tronauts might
l.1c aolc t o sec t hti.t . UJ i, Coop e was able to see the . light , and uh ,
White and McDivitt s aw the . . . light , ve ry wel l. Uh, the let 's se e
there ' s another point here ; well, w ' 11 go ba k t o t hat in a moment . The
cason I 1,htnk have tt otl1e.r dcsji.'.ns I~ show what r:Fm be done . If we
lw.vr: Urne Lu ehow whuL 1· 1n1 be don<· lly r~xLem.l.int'. v i s 1..ia1 obscr vt"i.tions we
,,.,:111 do so . UJ1 , :,om 01 · Ll1 ·s • n. w r :_:u]ts , 11t1 t hat McDivitt and White
we re able tu r or ar v ry . nLc r 'S Ung . Ul1 f ir s t of all, t hey saw a
structure in the air g l ow a nd this is the fi rst time this i s e p ort ed. In
one inst ance a uh , . i s seen some structure i n the
~i r el ow that they ' re looking edge on turns ( whlte) . . . . Thi s has never
been obscrv d b for e . It is ve r y hurd to observe t hi s with a roc ket ; you
clan ' t know when to fire the rocket to do t hat . They, they obse rved that .
They obcer-vcd. unothcr intc.;rc ct:Lnp, tli ·ine; . They observed mcteo o i ng into
Lh • 1:,.1r.th ' :: -'Li..mu:..;phcrr: dnwn ·1ic1ow Lb . 111 . I t .i :; the .first time a mcteo
1::: rcJ ,ortccl f"r.um uh , uJ1 , npac l1y l.l!l ,rnL onui1L . And it. wa a very pecu-
1.iar .xpe rjcnc:c l"or· i..11 rn I itru sure: b r·.-1u se they saw the things below them
go ng own .I.nto t.hc ca1 · t;h ' n utmo::;pltcr(: . Th_y saw when they were over
/\u t al ia) they cuw u.J1 ave /1.ustru.lin they sn.w (southern) lights uh ,
Lli·i.,.. 1 tg :I. n ir.; L11e l'it·:::I; time J tl i inl< Ll1·i s i s reported by astronauts .
. u lo L Ile l. l:c r Lllan I c 1L1ld. m1 uh . and
l.l11..':;,• :i 1· , :: wl, l,1 · r1i1-'.l 1L l.i1n,· pl1 L't1,,1m·1111. 'rh 1·c ut·c some inte e ting twilight
pl 1c11<>n11'11u. I.I rd, i :~ d •i IT.i 1·1l.l L P ll i.H•rv, ' 1· 1·um oc ·kc t s or sate l ites and they
(Jh tllcy fow1d sunrise s more
--- PAGE 39 ---
Belt ll l;.
spectacular than sunsets. I will try to explain that in a moment if I can.
Uh , going to go back a moment t o what Coope r J uh , what Schirra
uh, saw during a twilight right a fter sunset . He obs erved) uh, the planet
Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta.
cular array of colas , he describes them very carefully in the report,
in the blue.: book, his 1iJ.ue book , and sumrna.rys blue book too . Uh , he
d.escr-ibcd a ro.th r :Lnt est:lng blue hand that ' "' three blue bands ;
you r-an o.11 0chi c a. ' s hlues . Uh , . . . is true and he's able to
d.o qu • t w 11, \./ i th bl1t ~s . He observe a da k blue , light blue, a nd a
dark blu /\nd t le worc.l "light" i1-i 1:1. d ··_ fi ult word. When one says
l j gh L on d.o sn ' l: know whether on m nns the lue was a lighter hue or
'j_t W:l: ; brig! I t J: • nut 1 j t J it 1:ipp '1:1. ~ to be 1:1. iigr1t blue J and. one has
to use these wo tls or what t hey stand. Anyway, we uh , from what these
ob se vations v re is (reportedly) on to a tape and is . (debriefing)
and afterwards we are all very consistent . We had an order to try to
construct this thing . The fir s t time a ound it needed a little correction
wr1en lkhirra saw 1.t; th s cond t me around he was somewhat, he was
quit plca"ell w:i. Llt H . We di<ln ' t quit - know wl a t this thing (band)
was u. t; f ir st · ,.,, 'r s Lill not too sure . Uh, we think it might be
I ook :i 111-~ . [; j rn le.::;:.; tube 1>c'c:tuse th . tomorrow is
11:;c· Ll1<: :;11.111c l, ·r:!111.Lqu v J\ r· t.:Lmi.ll1-; :Ls Carpenter Jiad stn.rted. Uh . we
l,h lrik 11(1:;ci 1,.1.Y- ,m • :I.~-; l111,·c·rvj nt,~ Lil • O:loni sphcrc edge on . The ozonisphere
, ,. appr·ox·im11.L ·ly ul1 , 011 , L'r •om 10 t l'.> kilometers hitsh up to rO, some-
t.!1inr, .L:ik that . I t (H.·ems to huv u 11lll.Ximum around 2:> or 20 kil omete s .
rh,
1
l1J1 ozone 1i8 you know, is very ve y absorbing in the ultraviolet,
--- PAGE 40 ---
BE.:lt 11 r::
_.I
in ·:wL c·tir11plcLc, ,dJsorl 1;.1.nl; lw·J.ow 3000 !"or s ol;ir radiation c.:oming
'.rlu:, t'C :i.s anoL! 1e r· weak band o ozone i n the ed,
y ll(Jw, t:tnd 1~, .c; 1 jn tbc
• l,,,rnd uh , at , uh , di sta nce 5000 .
6000
7000 and i J• ·1iy c l ock I ill absortion this wa y
Ur r1 rt w- D.I< 1r1.om· l,11.nd p1 · :: orr, _(;h :ir1r'. .l .i k c· l;hn./., .
And ·i (; clo :J s 11 tract , tt
\./c · I.J, 1111 , L11,:n· i:: PrLly an 1·q, 1i vnlc·1d; oJ' ;2 rnjJirnc-tc1 ·s
tir · ) n1il:iinc ·l,c-r:;
:t l·,mcl~JJl 1er, , !.11:1.I; i:; 01 · 1· (1111 ·~:" , l,e:1 ·1.1.11: :c ' ,·,miplc l.1 , (r:orrt,j , 1111.1.t:i on ) o.L' th sw1-
J :i,g}1 l: .
llow,,vc1 ·, wl 1e:n ,yu1r lo k at l.lrJs c:u.ge c,11 you ' re look:ing throueh
:,o i I. <Loe ,:: :11./.,tl-j,c:t out 11 lot uf' red
1
'L li('t '1' 1 :: c; 1•r·l.:r.i11.J_y ,1, ]nl. ()I' l '(•d, yr • IJ.c, 1✓, 11nd 1•1 ·<·<:11 :in 1,/ 1C' lilu · sky any-
iv: '.Y .
/\11<1 1,_y ·1 l.l.1·:1.1 • 1, i 11,•~ i.11a1. ,111l. _y1•11 ,·11d_ up w i 1.11 nnnLl,l·t · kJ 11'1 of' blue .
I 11 i'·w l. , 1.11 i :: i :: 1•111:i. l. i I, 1-1.·1:: .
I~, . we 1·1·11 ' I, :-JLll ' <' a rr l l.h('ll ycst.e:r'l.iay ,
\,/t • 1• ,. l.:tkh11 •: , 1.J,,,y l 1wl l11·c•1r l,:tkin1,'. w-il. 11 Ll,cjr · 1'.11 1 ,:amc- ·a tllll u.li , ~n the
, ·,l./l'1'i111'. ir, l,fi<- Lop 111" Ll r<' ~(• .
--- PAGE 41 ---
Br:lt 11
,· ,mr i r·rncu. l ,y p! ,oi;ol,';rapliy, motion p ie t trre photocrap hy. The explanati on
I givr may or may not )C: i['.'.;l t , I don ' t know. I have n ' t had a cha nce to
J.n ok u. t all the 1 ,ther p r·ohlcm •. 'l'l1 . r, ' n a l s o 8. dust layer in here within
l.l 1r· :.;j tuut.i.on d()wn by U11: wh :Ltc l i clit too well I
,lon ' L know, :it rtuty be v ·ry c· ompli -1-it d . ''o 11crc 's another situation where
un oh .; r v1::1.Lion lnLer <·(in1':i rmed .Y• uJ- 1, 1.1.notl, cr Get oi' ast1·onauts doing
l fh , <:nupcr · mack •,ume v r:y intcrcs tinB ob -
0
clown un t }1c <:l oud:.: und >-1.:i 1· p;low j::.; vr-r,y trarn; p,~r-cnt j n s olu r !"adiation and
Ll1at.. sort u !' t hin/~ so wh 11 you l o k ti.mm y ou ' r·e e;ettinc u.h , sort of
r·je;rrt 11 hjrnl j(·, , you ' r· ·· /'. t t:in1 ~ an ·i nte ri sem·rrt of , of ligh t here and y ou
:.;c ,·J011ds a rid 01 · ,· our~;c· Ll1 ' rcsL i s :J. l.'ucto1· <>L' t wo d :i f f e nt .
'l'l 1i s i:.; i1,Le C" Lin1: 1eca1tsc the
p 1·1fpl,· rll)W I Li'(' 1-1 111 ·l,:i 111'. ,,11 1.11, · po <·-v a1r.l I. :J.i. 1· 1~Juw expvt· .Lm-nt whi h wi l l be
1111 . 1,wl L. w1 • •
,. l<lild:: .
'I' 1r( · r ·, • ' : ; • L11• , I.I 1( • r • i 1 1L< • 1·1 · : ; I. i 111 '. I. i l, LI ( • l, .Y- 1~ I ·~x l 1 II" l, .
ln 1, w•i L:1 l trt mnon . ·r is i
rJ
--- PAGE 42 ---
ct.lWttys l, !1 • ('d gc o n u.lr ~low . But yo u also a:ce looki ~ through the a i r
c;low, I.i s i l, i s r;omine;
oun ; you' r e l ooking so t o f taking t wo pa sses
thr our:h t he· rd r 1~- u w jn::;tc 1;t.d of one , l onp: b i g pa t h and y ou a r e getting
:;omc .I i,'-~hi.. ; and _y1, u. 1H ·<~ 11ul. /'. -·l;t I ll'. vc r _y mur·l 1 l :i ht :f om t he s urf ace o f
1lJ i i n / ,c• r·c . I JJ 1, McDj v.il.t ,tnd \.fliitc·
\./, :11 l':i n e , i.l ' the @)on is out :Lt is
j ll w 11i 11n ti 111 '. Ll1c ca r t J1 ' :.,; Jen, : 1.ntl p· r l ,u _p:__; the' il. w-as 1 J.i t tle bri r✓,htc r
l,J11 u 1 !.11 ' /J. ,i , . / '..11 ,w Wi l ('J I l,l tl'/ '( ' j r• n11 rrl( )() fj t he ol·./1c r. wny ;.;,,rotmd.
But 1,;h •
l n Pact Lhc•y pre f er
Lhe Lit i n,1~ 1.1 1 J i)I(: o.r tl.c.:m11rk 11 t;:i.on :i s mu d , mon: 1·1 rw 1:1.t n igh t t han i n
t I 1c <I a _yt :lmc : .
T'h c c!.lty-L:i1r1c 1ll.t.Y tl rc <" J owl si l,1J:·t1.:ion i ::: tih v er y d if· i c ult
effec:t 01.
11. :;ccms U11J.t they, they
ituati on
t ytime .
I )/ I ' .Y' •; : ' i I. rl 0)( . . . lilt . l, 11I. "" I. v,·r ·,v 1t 1,, , · lt .
N, ,I 1.i 1c 1d . . l tll , t he v l s:tbl c
11 1:t ln· , •111• : ; l ..•t l.< ·1 •1, •1 tl • .
--- PAGE 43 ---
C
3elt ll
. ~
Lil :d r.;low from the 1·onL :i nui;J...Y',1c may have c:u1..,.s e pe ople t o think that
there ' s ::; om •Ll L.i n11: very n1c1.[~j c; a out Lhc.: 1~reen (line) .
--- PAGE 44 ---
,l -
Belt 12 1
5~7'1'
4-477 atomi c oxygen g reen l i ne of the air gl ow rom t he continual we may
have caused people to think that t here ' s someth ing very magic about t he
gree n (line) . I f you are starting t he green line certainly you want
to observe the g reen line are built very carefully to
obs rve (holding ) the g reen l ine j_n a nd uh, would continue (near) . But
for o.pplications it may not be alwuy" wise to sub tract the
(<.:ontinuim) . In other words , while' you ' ce d nling with a nd this is a gain
Lhosc 1,000, 7000 . 23 mentioned .h
' 77 j s the green line right here
but tl 1ere ' s a str ng con tinuim rig/it nlong he .re . A lot of 1 ight here;
thi s :i.s th light we ' v been talkjng n.bout . 'I'his visual n ight (glow)
visnl>) c nip;ltt elow cdr.;c on :Ls is t he total. ,.,o there's a lot of light
thcr and just . . :· n tl c :Jexto.nt experiment . . . . constructively
cr iti cal p cx·riaps th r ,ason wh y th . didn 't wo· k too well i s a f ter
one is throwing a wa y a lot of l i ght . Uh , t his is not a s bad as the case of
foe J.ights you. know. Remember years ago the og light s were yellow.
'rhey were li~ht wasters . There i s no r1.:ason, the only reason why they
wo. kcd. well is th .Y w 1·L· low down :;o cv ·ntuall,Y the yc~llow . . . . disappear .
Hut .YtYll don 't; want t.o w;u:.:tc /J.liY Li1'.l1t. . Howev er White will point out to
ynu t 1 1· • • • • be <lid J>r.·c ·r us :i.np: l;l1c 1~re e n l'jlter and McDivitt p referred
I ':i 1.·::; t t o , 1.cpcnds a lot your own method
,,r· ul11~ r:rva.t.J1,n . J do w:Lr,t to po.i.1,L L,uL that on' has Lob very ca eful
I 1ow on • rnak1.::i . upplicu.t:i or1:-.; n1 · 1d e glow. Uh, ecall any
other u.h , l-.t1irlf.'.f; , tlie_y you. wcrcn ' t l1ct·c ye st.e day ; . know a
J i.ttlc bit 1;tbout H ..
lfli , I think I shoulcl . . . . . senr·it i ve ity H ' each of the astronaut s
--- PAGE 45 ---
start:i.ng with Glenn who l ad trouble getting . . . .
Well, I r eally don ' t want to get into that t oo much for this reason. Finall~,
there will be a very ine experime nt carefully planned through the .
I mean sensitivity uh,
Oh , uh , uh O. K. Well Glen n didn ' t u <:hang t o get . . . . and therefore
he wa n ' t able to n!B.k c the E:amc a<.: ut observations for example, a s Cooper
was a le to make bcca1.we for example , I don ' t think Glenn had an oppor-
tunity to really eet . . and see very muc;l1 on the daytime skies but
you mean maybe, uh, tha t t ype of ult ,
W 11 uy, Y'S , uh, o v cn star light .
Oh, alright ine , alright , I see what you mean . What was the (landing)
o bit magnitude?
Yes .
0 . K.
llh, g oing bac k to . . . . let rn continue with tha t
Uh, in one ·a sc Coop - r \-,as taking o. small, woke up and opened hi s blind
and looked out and he was on t he dcr.y s ide . The e arth was d irect l y below
him, the s u11 was d:Li:-c c tly behind M m. Do the a.rth was not illuminating
any portion oJ' th window nor- wu s :i.t; :I.l.lumina ting anyt hing that the
window :;aw. 'l'hcrc :i.::; not prj ma. y , :Jee mlary . . . . a ca
Jjk• Liiat . II<: hu.d. IL :p1·c •t,Ly 1~oorl s :it ual,ion and 1~ d i d ::,ee s tars in the
d:i.y l,:int<: ln.rl, lie cJjd h1d:i.,·11.tc Ll1at ltl ' wns ,1ot ul>l to S<' •' a s well in the
w, • l<.now th ', ·e: ' s :t tJ.ny a i 1• ~low l>uL i ts vc r-y di LTicul :t to me a sure and he e
J'.; ab r,:Lnni :ng f usu ,jcct:i.v ob"c1 ·vntion of , of it s (me n ) at the
--- PAGE 46 ---
<>n uorir-d S<J tt1i1.t d urlnp; the; clny sid.<.: one can :took and observe p hysically
what the d ay air glow is . Now t his is very important b ecau se here we
have the orbiting . . next y ear and very i mportant background prob-
lem. Two of t he orb i ting . observatories . . . . . are above the
1:dr glow, t hjs air glow. nut the day air- g l ow is much higher and uh,
at l ea.st , there ' s p;ood evidence in the rocket measurements that i t ' s
higher and i t ' s sort of u.ssoc:iatecl witli a red air glow. And, so here 's
our situat ion where an o.etronaut was a1Jle to :: mbjectively note the d i fference
between day and nip:ht in the (sky) Uh, McDi v·i t t and White were able to
sec d1.')\v.J'l to 7tl1 antl 8t! 1 lf'll:ll '.Tli turc r.; tar::; where as the other a stronauts
were not al>lc to sec so well. AgEr i .n i. t may be: 1:t question of time
(darkmcntation) p erhaps not that much more t ime but uh , ...
t hey were ge tting d own to uh, the kinda of sensitivity . . . that uh,
should be possible under , under good condi t ions of dull a tmosphere .
Uh, should we mention a nything (about) the window (pane ) and uh, . .
to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear someth i ng on
Lhe window or tak e something o:ff w:i L:h ld s elbow or somethi ng. I t appeared,
rcom what w(~ heard, thn.t he tood sometl1:i ng oJ'.L' there h~s been some
nr:cumu.11;1 t i on ( 't) them ::.w:lt Le ring tile mc<li um on Lhe wi ntlow and we took
:~omc (;!' :I t oJT m1<i ,rltcn i t look at whnl. lie d ici. they have to l ook inJ in
Lhr-011 1•11 t.1 1<' w-i11dow , i L lnok.ed blac-k wlH-rc he ltnd. rubbed someth ing off,
:;caU.vrinp: u !T W-:iJ1d.ow w·J1l<:l1 !ind. a1T11m1Llal:ion (>1' little particles which
1u ·c; brou~hL or- ::a)lll\:tltJ np: wl1i<:li wo11lcl get in tlic light t he place where
he moved i t :md. again j t lol)k ed. I\u t 1cl'ter nll the cockp i t inside is
--- PAGE 47 ---
:Belt 1 2
relatively b.l.ac k cornpa. ed to the 01 tsidc . And th i s is true and they
J ooked out thro1--<13.h the 'Window 1.1h , there seem d t o b e a change . In fact,
they have a pl'1 otograp h of t h is ( spot ) . . . . talk abou t that . Uh,
they are very uh , they say the astronaut s have t aken advantages of every
po ssible opportunity t o note something unusual . And he keeps all
the (;opies . . Uh , . . I think we can look a little b it
to the :futu.rc . I th ink we uJ.l woul.d like t o extend the . r a nge of
vi s i011 o.nd the wa y to do tJ-mt i s w•i t l1 inn ge converters . Thia may be
vc y ])rnc tic.:tl.l. Uh, i on · j s des.line: with uh , the iclea of perhaps using
'L v iol t lens t·at11er tl11m 11 ulue to r...-;ct d own to a re g:Lon that is .
many ruo e c·ommunt::: on . You mn.y ue /7, t t.! ng into cl. reg :i on wbere the eye
snot ve r y sensit i.vc or nots nsitiv • at a ll, yet i t is a very inter
esting re gion to do p ractical navigation well , there one can us e the image
c;onverter and hav the eye become s ensit ive through a n image converter
to uh , (the near v:i.ole t) . There are many ob servations tha t have made
I' om roc k - ts that are 1 a d to repeat . Uh, for e xample , ultra viole t a urora .
We ' re not sm·e thi~ happened b ut uJ1 , two of th , se . . in a rocket
nntl L11rou~~l1 ,y_j r· ai1d. -Lt r:ot satura t d Ftnd it tm·n s out t hat it probably
WHS a vc y st-.rong ll·: trnv:i o:JcL u 01 ·1-1 over Wa]ll)ps Island . And f'o r t unately
t.w-o ol' tile ( 1;1:l<· t..,lmc Lm··n ) worked uml l>ec:iuse ti icy were . . to s uch
J,i1...-;!1 ::i;rw,iLivlty l111L tl1c otl1t:l' t wo W-< : r·<· . . . . Wel J_ , Lili , there .as
11u vj ::;1Lh.l • <:()tmt.cr·J)u.r.L 01 · thJ s aJ."c:t; tile e Wl:l.s 110 w y of knowing it ·
::;11 t .LJ J Les I 1avc • • • • • . 11<; tromJ.uLs might ' c able to l o ok a round and
. LLltravio l c;t 1.:1.urora. •r1,cy saw l".hi" aura a j_n south
/\us tralia visually . Wi ~J 1 LI 1ft t 's l;I 1e bcginni.nt;. Perhaps With image
c:onw-rt rs Ll1cy rr\j t,'.llt p•ic ·k 11p s om • 0Ll1cr · aurora .
11 I L. n, vi oJ ct. C/'. 'i on ; we don ' t know whether
I I ,. ,. • I I i r l. ~
1 I • :I
--- PAGE 48 ---
12 5
o w he: r< · af,:a i :, "'"n j magc, converter
,1jll <'nnvr•r- . . .. . l i1~hL Lo v •i.:-.;al J c I i1 ~ti1. . Uli, l, ;1eir 0 1, servu.tions
l.haL have 1Jri n mucic o f U1esc neb locil.ies (? ) which may or may not
,,e so , th s • are ulLraviolet nebuloci ti . s (?) in the 1200- 1 300
r g ·on . Aw in on migli L h a v un j rnal~l' c onv er L r or c ea te an i maee
in a rnutt,,r· o(' u mnm nl. luok o.t u linL!(? ) untl :;ee if one an see this
tlC'buloc i Vi~,; (?) . M1 y1n· on ... j n:; Ln.w1cn .al Jir·oblem(? ) -.,,e don ' t
know . In I.Iii :; L.Yfl<' or <'X[K' r· i.mcnL v<• r·,y diffic 11. t o uchie:v . Uh ,
',l(' J] I think (,l111.l . ' :; a.1,oid. Jl I witril,<·d Lo ca.v 1.th , I tun ::;u1·e you ' ll
l.h c,y :lf)l,) un-d ; Lhv t::iL ,·01,u11I.; ; when 1.11!'.Y t;cl] .voI1 ahou ', th , wh en ... .
'l 'h J i:; t 1.I1i1w. on our r,ror:r·arn i::; I.I,<: 1t:~l. rona11L" , anu I. ey ' ve
ohviou'.;ly 1,<:en d0l1.l.,yed :;o I ::;uvgcsl. w<' l.ake u. <·orfee 1;r co.k whjle
w wail. for f.hcm ..... Wc ' l cul. our· c:ol'f'ee bn,1:1k shor L. Co lone
McDj vi LL ar,d Colon 1 WI, i L hfav silown u J her(' . Uh , mayb e we an
r co11 11t. (?) , I. k • a min11l.c uncl .c ecouriL 1·0 -c th~m what w~ • ve cone . Uh ,
our 1nLen1. l1L'r was Lo 1,av<-' each or 011r· exp rimcntors p,o tlirougr1
111 i>:L< · k1-'. r· <ll111d or I.lie 1'Xl'c' 1·i 111<'11L , /'.l) I l1 r-ou gl1 1./w •xp rim nl, , and
: ,.1 :;u 1.ivv :;,1111, lll' .VPlll' ( ' ( HnllH'til . :; ,V(l ll /'.i •VI· t'.o 1 111'111 .v ~I.L'f' a,Y , 0
I 1.11 i .1k l.ll• t t.h
::p<·ul~<· r·( ·t ) w•J1Jlli :q11,n·,· i:1I. , · , i 1· .vo11 W(11il, i , u l1 , ,:ave s,.'ll\e 01' .,·otr own
c·omrn, )11I. ;-; w,d < l,:;1:r·v d,i,,11:: 011 "•t<'h ,i1 · Ll1L'..,e •.· p • ci.mc1 l...; , wh re ,vou ar -
I icip;il,c•il rllf>r'l' l/11111 1.. 111 · (~:wil.< · lt w:,:: i11 opcrat.ion ·! ) , a11tl , uh ';ive
l. /1('0I f.I1(· O(lf!Or·l.1rnit..v I<, IJ.:-;I<. l l'<.' W qtt(• .:i.ion u 1> ;1~,1 · on :..l ie o\.h('Y
l.l1i111'.: : 1.IH'.Y lall<.< •d :Jl1011/ I.Iii:; morJ1i11 1' . . . An c .L ,rtw ss Lhis morn · ng
w< · ,,,, ·11!. I. 1r·<111 f'. l1 Li,,, m<'di1 ·:d ,·xp .riu1< •11I: : I · Lrsl . . . Lhc me .i c· l e:icpe r iments
<[j)
--- PAGE 49 ---
.. ' . Be H 12 6
and , L, cholce oJ.S Lo how you .....•....
(l\.ctually ) Lwo r ours in space .
I don ' t think the re a re any questions on tha t .
Ha, Ha .
The X- ray s ( '?) dlcln ' t c.:r.a.1 se any sign if · c1::1.nt ha dsh ips as far as the ..... .
Lo fl lgh L. 'l'he y mtvl- u::: get up wh1-d. , 10 minuL •[: a r li ·r .
Yr·1;.h .
W<: J you cw huck ( 't ) L ,uL. ~;lncc Lhcrc was ,mly 4. 3. (?) I gue ss
'l'l1ut ' s most ::;er lous p ro h em<• a.nd I wan Led a milkshake or something
as soon a s I landed and I c uldn ' t have it . aid I couldn ' t have any
calcium until what , ( 20 hours afterward s? )
/\s far as the flight probl ms
'l'hat' s a pretty safe f oar (?) my hce rlid.n ' t hurt at all.
M"ne ' s all hale up .
Tin. , Ha .
1 did.n ' t trd.nk yo u had enough hield c1.L Lhe rnom -•nt (?)
Ila, Ha .
1'he uli , phon cardiogram (?) like s ome of the othe r se nses (?) ....
eouplc day~ (?) Noi. so LhaL we coult.lr1 ' L arry on the mission .
JL w.t ··n ' t any more t;oL11 ·rsome than u1.v ( l f the o Lhe r ones .
l. ' db'enh1 L •r•st.cd in , LnLcrestc\1 ink.110wing , uh the ..... .
rcsu It.:~ of Lhein .
It, h:;.~;ri ' l. l" ( Jlll< ) lJp . .. .. .
v,• .•i.1 1.
Wl 1LL I ' rn ·(• 1.dly int.el'l'::1.vd i11 is wl1 L'Ll1\· r· or 1tul. our m ion dist rbe d
l.l 1c mi<·rupl1,>11 • enough 8(> Liu.LL you 11,• LnJ n lot. \)i' other· things ..... an
1101, ncc!cssar· il.v 1u· l1cur· L . I~ L. Wi ' i. uh , a.lw· ys have the band on the ..... .
--- PAGE 50 ---
• I .,,,_ .
Belt 13
ua h- ... . . man on the t ape .
1'he EKG?
On t he bi ometry tape r ecorde r .
'l'ney we r e arr a nged in s uch a manne r that the - the phonocardio -
1~rwn by it self was not r cor clerl on both t ape recorder s . It was
only r-ccor dc <.1 on one tupc r •cor de r. /\.nd s in,~c_: we were not neces::;ar ily
inL · r es tcd in thl: mun wl1u wu~ u.wa k<! , l,ecaus e l,J was mov i ng a r ound
: r.ii.1 y oL1 we ·• ··n ' t. 1-~n ing Lo L .v .o gc L uround t q t.t :J.L anyw:1y . Whe:n(:VE::r
1.> ll<: w ·nL to :;J.ec1, , lJ • !J I, i omud LF.l.J) r 1 c:0r<l r w:i.:; un . Most oC- the
I' L.ight pr oflle 0 11 t.hc j om d .....
Do either oi· you talk in y our sleep?
~o , I d on ' t eliev e so .
Jim doe s n ' t, do it?
The r e we re ome - thr oughout the sl ·ep I f elt ine . I know I moved
around move d my a r ms an tri d to get. mor e omf rtable .
J o nly u e 1 bout hu.l o f my "i r st Lhrc c sleep per i ods , whi h .....
l,1t:: IJ1·:<: n r ·<k po::i 1. ,, b.v Lite l.lm Lite l.ld. r d X- 1·ay was being ...
JJ, ,, i. L l::; ul I he:a.l(:ci u_r, rlghL now. 'l'l1crc is nv hin g \ffong with it .
Wu don ' L r ·,dly l1nvc tl1 c tl.uLu yeL , l ,ju;;t talked to Dl' .. ... .
e hcu rd h i. i~ rnurnirw I.I 1a t 13 Lo 10 p<: t'L'. nt , H to 10 pe r ce n t calcium
d c l' i. c icnt .
We 11 , we mud • u . .. ... uwJ L ,tm a.f r a i 1l .;..~ l o s s - nut quit e ba k
N"I. •p1i l.1· al I 11,1,('k a11 cl w, · w, :r1· :1. Ii 1.1.11 • 1·ur j_n11:,; . We wondered iI~ maybe
--- PAGE 51 ---
2
we o 1ffovi e ex Lra shiel • ng on tr,e right s id; of the pilot ' s heel
unt il a couple of week s from now we w · 11 chec it again out of
cur ios ity . It is not part of the p rotocol or anything else .
1~at ' s all righ .
)\11t , W(~ 1:1.re _just c;11 r'io u::.: Lo n na 0111, . Now WC reali ze Lhat you have
,j,1:.;L l,c; en pu.rudi111~ ---
••... Lhe mure you jomp a r ound on it i.!1 more .i L <.:ome s back .
.L ou ' t know .i.f' you think you have lie •n jomp j 111~ more or .....
[ wilJ. L1::ll y ou unE: thJ ng - I n&.ven ' L hud. my f':..i.lr share of ice
·re n ttnd mi k.
1 1 llad yo 11 taken your last X-ray:;?
Postfli.ght u 011L , .i.L ' s u llttle over 10 day s it was supposed to
I ,c 10 < ays itl!<l i L Litrn ouL Lo he l? , I beli vc .
W1~ ju:.; L l1ad Ll1 m.
Cl.lJne o w n tile '/Ll 1 r ichL , und -re J u · ·C di it y esterday morning , o
Lhe r e i t is Lh 23rd, al.Jout the 25nl day .
I thj nk if i L . s a (\me j on of exerci,3c, and ....
IL is not u d irr~ct, f1tncL i on I mean Lll:~L :i.s 011' variable , but it is
,j1 ,:.;t u cllr i 011:; i L_y t.11111.. wi.; 11:Ld cx:pec · i, . ti l.11at : t. WUlLld b<2 back up by
n,iw and it i:.; ri,il. <Jl.l i t,r, l ,,t · I< n 'nr j ir-(.: .
w, , I I , wl111.L i , . i I . n<.i w': ' ! l o w mun_y )•<.:1·1 ·<; 111. d o w n l : ; i L : C:in yo t t:ell?
W<, j j , j I, V'Uf' i r::..; I 11 ,w I ,c.: l. w, ·en l,i IC l. w 11 l\ j" .Y Il l , /\ i!d Lile r•c 1:l. l'C S t..ill
v,·,·.v p r ,~li111i 11:tr-.v 1Hiw . WI" l , u u l , i.11,)::, · .v,·:;l.c rdu,v , ; nd we - Lhcy we r e
.:l.i 11 p r· 11,t"l.i,·:,. l l_y w,·I. w11,·11 w1· w1. r c , hii,11~ i. t , i ,u t. we n.r e :., ill
--- PAGE 52 ---
Belt 13 3
JH'O\.Jahly 4 l.i r '.:,, p - rc.:ent. b ]ow wha t _y, u wt:: r e wh r::n we took our pre
f _Ligh L:; , ar1 tho:;~ wer ve ry cons tunt e::;pe c _· c.1.J l y the fir::;t t wo .
Well , if we are st.:· 11 4 o r 5 pe r cen down , t hen we onl y we n down
a b out E3 per ent .
High t .
What is the ~enslLivlty ··n your meU1od 't
Well, :1s I poinLeoJ out L11i.s mornine , if. , erieml:::: on t he situation , b ut
1~,i tlii 11k w are de1'inlt.cl.v within ~ prircc n t . lt. - we produced i t
,111 s ·v,:ra.l mnchi_n:; - m .11.Y Li.rne:.:; we, /J;<.;L much r· lu::; er th :-J,n that , but
w1: u.r e not. - we d1)11 ' I. wa11 I. Lo ,-~O 011 I. <1 11cJ ::.ny U ,al, we :1.re - Lt var ie s .
Wl1u.L w : 1:; yu ,, r- ex.per i_cn<.:,: wlU1 I.ht; ·M:cc i :;e?
Yes , well JeL m· <.:oounen t.. on Lh i.s fjr-::;I. liecau:;•.:: C think I deviated
l'u.r t he r t e exp riment . But afte r u.bou 2 days I felt tha t I wasn ' t
getting any exercise at all , and ther e Li; a J tmit t o how mucb push
ing on t he ·1oor Lhat y o1t can do , ~;o 1 , ot c l ,i.cance f'r om Dr . Grady ,
1...o go ahead and u.,e the xerc ise r t, hr ou1~ hout Lh • r emainde r of the
1' I igl1L . oL 011.ly a ,; a mcLl1 n of e:,rnrcj 1;e a s pn;s cr ir)ed n our medi cal
t,vp1~ I pa::i::c•:,; , liul. al,w a " a J'o r m ,,!' r•x ·t·cis i.11:\ my ar ms and legs ,
11nwr 'v,•, · _[ :;11.w l ' il. . /\nd. [ did do L. l1i :: t. llrou,~!1 1.1 1e r emuin r of the
l. ll.p; •Ll ll :: I.() 1•: o l1 dlt,Y ;c; 1J.11rl l ,c ('llpli.lJJ•· I.,, /,;c: L Oll l,;; ide tl 10 spacec raft
Ly rn,y ::, · l r l.l1 n11 l.u :;o r- L 01· s l.n.v in LI,<· .;I .a e u1 · l 1ibernnl ion . I
1<. i 11d u 1· lik<'<l _y,>11r , ·onm1•11 l. yc s t.eni:1..v , :;omethi11,~ :i ouL r ather 1a.n
l.1 , n Ii 11 11 i_n Lo a p11 mpk in . : ,uu1l: LI I Ln(! I. i k<: Lt at , [ Lhou ht it was f u nny .
Ii ·aJly . we w ' t·<· - J wa: ; 1•:(~l. l. .i11r1, muc:1 , l,:s :; exe r cise t han I h ad an i -
1· i pul. 11 d . 'l'l,<: r w:_,1,:-:; a ::p1 1rL (i:.u·J.'f i11 1.11 ,; r1 · 1~l1t. whe n I was g e t"ng
,. v,: r-,yl.l1ir 11~ ""l. , ,'.1;l.L i111 ~ ,·v c r ,y Ll1i1 11:; :;L,>n·il 1.Je1',11 ·c Lh ~VI\ n...'1d we
--- PAGE 53 ---
Be lt 13 4
ad a ot o • a fa ir arno u.nt of exerc •se there . Then I found I could
r each eve r y th · ng that... I needed t o reach without real ly .... myself all
ove r the inside of the spacecraft . I manage d to get all the food
out wh ·ch is a - in a lg is a fairly d "ff icult a sk, I manag ed to
f-'.cL j t o u t w i tho L a n y e fforL w hat... 1;0 •ver, once I got the first one
olT . 'l'riey we r·• 1:.1. ll .... 1,.n<l 1.h·y Wf: r· •; in 1.1. box ri -~ht ur::hind me and
l , j u : ; t . - I alwa_y:; lef't 1)11 l1 u.n(!. LJ1f-': <\111. . It... w,L ~; big n o u g h ::;o J t .
wu 1.lclJ1 ' L go lme;k i 11 l,u I.I 1c I 101 • an ti i I. wu:.; taped u ..Ll ..... und I d.i<.ln ' t
l1uve Lo worry abuu.l. .Lo.'.lin1,1, i.L so J ,j1i:;L rea ·l 1~d back und f "nd it, ,
und I j 11st jerke i_l, ani.i pre t., Ly :Jeon Lit -. next m•~ul would flop o L
t.11en I would Lak t.he rH.:issorr; an c11L that one o ff, wi. h no
l'for t whatsoever • d I antic.:.ipatecl Lhut I mi.gilt have to Lur n
around and read1 back in t,herc an )UJ. d o a lot of exerc • se s
t hut .....
/\notliu· thing Lhat we thought mig11 t, rov .i.de exe rci se just d • dn ' t so
_you !1ucl t..o mak i ,. And I W<.1.:m ' t l,IJ11L - I d .i dn ' t fee} l ike d uring
a I < I. t> f ex •r ·.i :;(: :; !'or c:;crr i :.;c :.;nhe !>••cu.use wu weren ' L getti ng all
1.11,) ; :lr·e11 l.i1al. wit:; t.11<)11 1-'.llf. w<· :;J1,>11lcl l1 ·Lv u and L ,justl l, sl. the es j re
I.,> Ii · du.i.n1-'. p1i::l11,p:: or 1~11_yLlli111: I ih\: 1.1,a L, } 11 . I did feel tlla I
I t.hi1d~ LtJ1.1.f. ::om•·Ll 1i ng uq.~i1l. .u \;-• c111ul· l ear l.11 0ugh ~- re , I t1 i n k
v<..: 1:.1.n.: 1t:.; • 11,'-'. I.he wo r d c;n: r c.: i.:; • r;J.l.l 1c r· l" t ·c ly he n~ in n o n u n o n lay
:~en:;<.: , und :11,i;o..i11 1.l1e r. pcri.m•n1. he r· (• :L: ; i.L wa~: dcs i gnc w-a,; no t
11<..:c .:::Jar L .V - u wo.rk (;LJ.Jl~tc i Ly or u wnrh hear t cupacl 1..y te s I s
110L 1.1. thi n1'. dc:1i 1'. n'd Lu pr vide Lb· cre w witli an extensive amoun o
--- PAGE 54 ---
Relt 13 5
c1xC;lrc i :;e , a11d I U, ink - I r;uei;:: bC('.:.1.u:;r, - you probably -~ might have
1-~1tc:;:;(•1 l be l1n<i 1:2.1,01iL 60 pt~!L:; l,haL yr, u were rc :flly heaU.ng yourself
11p a llLtl c t,it, wider Uios<:: condit ion s .
We ll, I made the c orn.men-L that 50 was k ind o f Lr-Lvi al.
Hight.
'then I said Go warmed me up in the :;ui L more than I would h ave liked
t.o Jta.ve !Jeen, I was kind 01' wHrm mos L of the Llmc a nyhow, and it just
mt1.de me a 1 i Ulc WFlrmer . So j L wa:;n ' I. a r e al big e x ercise workload ,
l.!1c k i nd ol' cxercl:,c that. you would uo over ir1 Lhe gym.
HLe;hl,. I L!1lr1k Lho.t, s<.>m<: pcoJoJe j1 1sl, :~<)!, a miscon ception of this
Lld.ng - thi:; exer cl:;cr - Lti<:: J'act tl11..1.t. we call .i.t, that that we use
l.l1e word exer cise , Uw.L we should u~<:: Ltie proper pros:pective
here, what ac Luti.11.Y was Laking plu<:c, wr,ich j s u very short spurts
ol' energy expenditur es; yes, l:Jut not, exerc ise lik e in a gym or
a real good workout, oi' ti.ny Lype .
Do you fee l Llw.L the ventilation in the s uit was ade quate?
I did, but Lhere again, i t was adequate; but marginal. You couldn ' t
do u. lot, or cx:c r ci:;e, .vo11 w0t 1ld r~el , a tie:.1.t l oad . As n. matter of f act,
wl1cn 1•:<1 wn:; cxcr-c·i:.: lng i t lo!.. f co1 1 ld :LcLually reel tl1c heat going
1q, !11Ln m,y ::idc ,,t· L1 1e :; 11i.l. u..l:;o . /\rnl 1,:,t hall,, - Ed i'clL w:ir mer
l.111rn I di,d ul I during tl1e f 'J i1.':f1L.
I think you itrc u w1J.r e L11nL .vo11 l!ad Lljl'fci-ent Lt'mperat11res on our suits ..
Wlii. c 11 wi lJ lic.l.J> ,:x:plu.:i.n I.he di l'f'erent-v Ln th() rcelings as far as the
<·11vi.ru11.men\,.
IJow co1!1u. .Y<ll1 J'el.!.l. Ll1e l10u.L whc.m he cx:eccisecl'!
Well, i L i:; it clos, •d loop. '!'here are Lwo brancl1es to the loop.
--- PAGE 55 ---
...
Belt 13 6
l3u.L L:1e hot, air went o t , went. through a bunc. of c ontrap tion s
un eventua.l ly <~a.me a ck into both of our su its again , same way that
mine d.id . H di dn ' t have a c lo se loop for himself only, and I had
t.i.nothe r clo ce d loori . We had u clo.s d loop t h.1t was closed - but we
wr;re f,f~r.1, u I" t, h t; 31'1-me mi ,di u.n :i ·u.l \.lfl j , , so thuL 1mytim t l e air temp -
1 • 1· 1J. L,ir·c: wenL up 1.11 L11
hr.;i,1, L 1.0 •t or 'Wli<:: Lite r .[ w .ld ,<J the 11,:u l, tu • t i. t. wcni. nc ros s ·he
lieut C::xc ange r u d i t was onl.v takjng out so m1 h of the heat , so
.it essentially i t came .in a liLtle h.i.r.rhe r tempe r atur e than i t would
have i f he wasn ' t exe rc ising . So , you can notic these small temp
~ r ature change s .
Wtts Lh ' no j t : - level assoclut d wi tt, the c old u. i.r through the ....
I Lllink SO , yes ,
l' r·ob11hl,v no , IJuL [ Lhink .oroJal,ly .v01 1r 110i s e .in .vour · nte r com was -
·r - wns s o mucl1 rn0.r Limn L111J..L y(/ 11 pr· li abJy didn ' t even n ot · ce i t
IJ..!:i mu.It llS y,)H had .
You e;cL u s e Lo .i.L . J'u t. llke flying Lh · p3__:; you ge l somebody i n
ie re Lhat is noL used Lo Lhe hot m11.k si.L tine; in then. i t p robably
e;ct s ri r etty h,j cLiona, ~Lc i.ri 1.l. shor L pe r i od 01' Li.me , but whe n you
:.1. r e usc1 Lo Lilul. , 1_,1,l' Le r a Jicr· i. od or· L im , yo11 .u1 w there is a noi se,
l l11f, yt.ti know wh:LI. i.l. j,s and y u1 J e:11i1 p11l. i.t away . I t.1i · nk another
1•1-1•n · i :;c r·, l11r!. I.Ill' dt,;J i r•,. I.,, <I, , 1. l.l1t1111-'.ilL t!H·L·c was a Jccr 1;asing
I di cl wlta.L I I did ,,If ) I ,,irn11t ' r ing tL L'c>i ind tl1e in s i e of
l.!11; :: 11:u.:0<· t·1,.J'I . 11rn11,t:<i:.;::ar· i t .v . /\s 1·:u· il:..; the w,1rkloa i s conc erned .
J ,Ju11 1 I, IU l( l\-1 wlH•l .!1 f;(' Ll1i:J i:; ."L e;etl i11;'. I. ired [l l'\,) CSS , c) r' 1,o the l ack
--- PAGE 56 ---
::11.rne r, -,: I i 111•. .
Lli <l _y,>1 1r fr :1.i.k 1:ll:c-Lri c :;Lul,lc; <: h ur,~<: wurked un e lectron and magno
meter we d'dn ' t get any performance at all on those three .
Firs t f r om an instrume ntation s tandpoint , we had - the switches
were accept · l'>le even o me, I thought E wa s asle ep when we had
Lo ttu:·n Lh o:;l: 1.ltin/-'.S on , I hucl Lo r 0.ar.: r1 ac r oss 1.,ri.th this thing we
<·u.11 Ile swiv l sl,ick wl1 i d1 · o abo1 tl, Lhis lone:; 1;,,nd has an un sually
::.l1aped end on iL Lhut we OLtld r at: 11 1rntler t he switches and flick
Lhem 11 and off wi.L h iL .
di cl ym1 ::; e Lhe ... ... . exl,enrl'(
No .
LL wa :;1 1' L ex.I. nded?
No , • t, ,msn ' t. ex Lende
IJ i.d yo1, ever ~ e tllc Lh lJO.t:k encl, i y ou ge t far enough back
Lo get Lo look in deep enough Lo s~ c it?
No .
Di you h e ar it extend'?
J\lo . I ex tended l t I.he l 'i r s L Lime l n,t I really- clld.n ' t see it .
'I'! 1rot e;I Hrnt I.I 1 , r Li.1:'.I 1L wl ,a L - w(-.. pru mlJJ y - wl 1a L did i L ycle the r e ,
:d,1Ju I. 'J Linu;:.; .
, /11:;I. i 1, c: u '..:<: l.hu.l. IJ,I1.,.yorn) !,jm • t. h r<· 1,: ~:.; ~ome\ .11 in y wr n s 1.,ri th • .
w•>1J ld 11' t, exl.«:11<.l , wu 1il d _yu11 :~ 1. 1.,•rnpL l.u , ·xi.end ii Going .l rough the
1·;,t., ;11<1 r; _yr.;I,· ali<>11I. 11 or· ', Lime:· <1 11r·i111'. I.li e f li;·:111. ,
.1 11: : L i11 c· 1J.::,· :: ,>1m·l. l 1i1 1~'. w:L:.; w ,· 111111'. w ii.11 it. at n.11.v l)B Lim th:.1.t l t
111ii-'.l1L 1-'. ' :I. <nil. I.> i I. . w, - r v vc· t· r ·Lra · l.(:tl i t , ::;u , i if wor s , h en
rttil.11 i 11;-'. ·01 1 I <I l,1,v,: Ji; tpJ >( •11e <I .
v.Jl1 •11 did _yu Ir l.11 n I Ll1c t;w i 1.ci1 11 1· I'? 'l'l ll ' . . . . . . . . . ··w i.tcli .
--- PAGE 57 ---
8
/\s soo .-1 as j L w:.: exter ded after ul1ouL jO secor s or so . What ever
i L sa i.t in Lhe ·1 • ght .
jO se conds .
Have you g ot uny data buck on it y et ?
;;e;v n <>n hr.: c:ornpu L r .
/\ny ul.l1e r q,H:~t. i 1m:; on l.110::: U1 r e ··r
Wl iat wus U 1' c:o:.: 1. o i" Uie ph o ogruJ1liy ·r 'J'Jie Wt;:.i.Lhe r and mar· ne
pl1oto1-~raphy .
o· . you skip M C- 10?
Okay 10 .
I wou d like to say we g ot some good picLure s und I appreciate i t .
'!'here again , ll. w-u a pretty traiglil. fo rward experiment . We didn ' t
lmve any i L"i"i.culty ~ri th iL .
T ' ve P,OL a cou-p.l of q11e:.; L.i nc abo11L Lile FJS5 . I\ couple of things
thaL u.me up llli.; L night.. . You sa..i.d - .vnu know Llie sys t ma tic photo -
graphy aero::.: :; Ll1" lfnltc<l ~LateG , cvcr.v '..> sec on s , how cli you t ime
that?
Count , or c:lock or how .
J. s a r t.e i.t1' t'V nt. Um r wi L!i Lhe ili1~i Lal Jock tha we got in
mL u t:· · uwl :.:e ·u11 ::; , fi.nd L 1e11 J cor1Lr,,1..Lcd s pu. c raft o.n · then I
I :;<•t• , 1J.11 J•:d ,· riink •d LIii · cnJr1 · r u. 111 at)( l took I It -' pi c tt r
llid 1.11<~ :;wn,· :rn l, .i•t;L , du _y t'lll l.l 1in k 1.l1u.l, one man could o thi s by
lii rm;(; I 1·. 'l'l,is 1. : iinpu t·l.nnl. l.,l .!\(' t'I i:~l1L pl ar1 , li O y ou th ink i t
l,1ik ·:: ll<il,h frl/!rt l..i du i I. ·t
L Lhir 1k so ; i L wou l cl lJ • v c; ry t1 · (• fjc-1tLL o time -jt, and '"'ontrol t he
:;p: 1.('(•c · n _1,f"1. :1.:: yu, 1 Luke I.lit- pi.<· l.11r • :; .
--- PAGE 58 ---
,.. ,.,
Belt 13 9
I think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don't think
.hat you could get the same set that you got . The set we lostin
lhe southe r n [JarL o • Mexico , :): beb.eve I did one time when Jim was
b.S.leep , but it was not near l y as long a pe ri od and I think it
was onJy 1>roliabl,f about 12 p.icLure s . 'l'hl s i s shorter :p iece, but
tt,e c1.1untry i.sn ' t v ry Jung .
Yes .
W•11, w-ere focusing it u,en Ed .
Yeah , ( j us l, wan led t o get l L till :.;et up aheo.d of time, and by the
t.i. me we pas:c:ed t he re we <lid.n ' t chang l t, a grcaL deal. But on the
pass that we made a cross Lh Unit e d ~Late s, iL wo.s , I think, most
pre cis ely held. straight own and w-r::. went much longer p eriod of
time and there were contr ols that were made, and to sit t here and
1' .. ddle v1' th the controller and time yo urself and turn the camera
and take the pi lure , you can ' t., do it, as exac.: L 1::1.s you c an . •
Okay 1 w· 1 L -µu L Lh1 LL in as a l':Lrrnat tve reque .~t f' or my e xperiment
if at all pv:,sj l>J c , ltave boLlJ p i lot.:; on the joli .
l•'(ir niw of .v011r :ieq1, nee ricl.ures .
Y1:ul1 . 'l'h c;>S<; 0Ll1;e vrie.s, L/1e ta.r g !. ..... .. .
l•:nrl 01' !Jc] I. .
--- PAGE 59 ---
- ..
Belt 14
o . K ., I ' m ,~c,ing o pu Lhat . . .. udrlrer;c p refer request for my experi
rmmt if Lht1.L i:,; f..t.L :.:1ll po:i'' i.ble to hl:I.V(; uoth pilots on he job for
any of your ~eq ence pictures .
Another one' s Target of Oppor unities i f you on ' t nee the cont rols ••• • •
....... . . . . t.be one::: I.ha we ' ve got you w ren' L all s ro.igh ene d o t ••••••••••
. . . . . you on ' L nee: ':;r:a r i I .Y f>u:;:: CN<: t I.It m y uu know .
'l'l 1 1.t1ing l.!le,y w nt. Lo Luk.~ fL T>i.t; II r o[' iz ov'r her· iL ' s best Lo
Lake a picl.ur, .
You guys cerLa.inly hu.v• your eyec upen buy s11me of those things --
l.hut volca11 shot \..hat re:;hoL sl..r11r.: u re espc<· i.u. ly , \..ha ' s r eally
going Lo give u:; L 1e miJ •age .
Could you make a comment, ,just. on the gene ral :; .u.billty of the
:;p cecraf't .. .. ... . .. pulsing und you ::toppe<l once , and you were wait -
jng ; how l ong djd 11. take for r ter: l,o build 11p , for instance , how
I on.g co ld 1:.1. (' Llow co n t. on 101:1ybe p,1 l l j ng p o:;ition n gen ral?
Whoev r go . h r t.c:; :;Lopp d l ' ~uy i I, ta _:.; him a 1;ouple of ays
ror him toge ::1.ar-L·d . There ' s n(JLhi11{~ to make them i,?;O except that
r u l.al.ine; rn:u·liinc•1·y wl1\t ;l1 i:: p 1·neUr·1Ll l,y nil • •• • •
l\t 1l. yn11 11, v1• l.o n'1111·tnlh· 1·, I.Ii, >111-~I• , :t: : _y,>11 get• .v, 11r rat. •• :1.11 stopped
,vo1i ' r · in(;r-t. i1Llly l'ix.'cl u1<l l11<: Ll1i11(' ' :... rota .i n~"; 1m erne .h yo so
.vuu. ' r r L :: t<.rpp<·d w i Ui Lh • r e:: pr.::c I. l.lt:-1.L wha • y~,u wan • •••
l•'o rt..v llcgrc..::; Jl r rni nu!. . ... Jtt:1 · :.; ·<•1) 11d .
in l.l 1: ~:atn· v•in , r!o you noLic<' 1rn.v rc:Lc:l.ive m,,l,ion i . he space -
1· r 'L wh rn y u ' r :i it:·· de , wl\ 'll you <l i..; Lur i L , when y ou move aro nd
1d, n. l l'
I , ·,Hild t'<'•·I 1,:c1 111,,virl{J, a1 ·nu11il , l 11il 1-1l1<'l.i1c1· L r,~l it. 1 ving aro n
--- PAGE 60 ---
l5elt 14 2
a:; .... \i cau ::e was acLually oving Lhe spa u: raft or whether I
1'elI, L '-' moving ar oun cc:t.use he Wu'.; ti umping it , either tha , now I
.idn ' move you r eally, Jut I ' m s,lrC! that you quite fe l t some ( stabl e?) ,
., I don ' t lm ow whether it was tha t kind of a ,hing I was fee l ing
<> r wh t.t1e .r· l t, wan the :q 11i.·ee r1J.l'I, e l 'l'c! c· ts . I don ' t •••••••
Y, >11 cJ u 11' l, l,1 : nd Lo . . . . . . _y n1 1 don 't, l. 1 ·11d I.,; 1.i <;l~ 11p Lhe:.;1 ' motion~
l'l'Um 1.11\~ ::Jl l( ' (.;CJ'llf ' \. • • •••
rcrnc111b •r :;eve r ,'il Lim<•:; wh •fl I kicke d into tl111 !'ootw IL thu.t you
111intioned ; you co, .LrJ heu. l' that , buL J ' w ~ur e 1.tnJ.t wa~ ,just :.;orne
i.,h ' ng ,ha t he heard , a nd tbat I d i dn ' I, r ,. ally < i. stu r Lhe motion of
,he s a ce c r aft .
Wl1F.1.t u.!Joll Lh • ext rnal ly ..... I mea 11 coul d y ou cli s tur b •••••
I :;u r·c wu,r. .
I. kn •w l,h • t,j in :: whcri , 1vhen J k.i.ck ed off
l\u L I u. l:rn lo w w i \, l,oo .
l111 r- d 011 I.he :;pac: c·1•1:J.i't , :·o I ... and U1i:; was t1 1,~ t.i mes l,hat I wanted
· 11d o f' Lh utLc r , and U1at wus th
L<l i.i; L all I.lie \o/H.Y \lit, l.o 1.11
Lirnc 1.LaL ,Jim r em: trk(: ., one Lime w !1t! 11 J. r ealJ.v 1,1md1e off it har ,
: ,.nd wlw rt 1; ::u. i d , " 11,-y , _yDu '1 ·t : p11t.l.i11/': cu. e ,q · .wo d ~,:r ~e er
::,:c ·ond <) rt U 11' ·:p!'.LC<•erl:l. 1'1, . "
'l'I 1<·n I ,:ull I,\ r' 'IJ(I I, tC •••••••
w 1L:: , wl1L:t 1, .vrn 1 1"1u w , 1vlt1'J1 .vo1 1' r'C' ::;i l.l i 111~ ut.. ,)n the en 01
l,lw 11"::c , 1u1cl .v n1 1 l\i<'k ,t,, wn <111 il,
--- PAGE 61 ---
!'.e Li.. 14
::1,u.c •r:ral'L . . . . . . . . . .
l ucer , uh , t.ran::; ation of bigge r p':.rcentage t.ha.n mine wa s ..... . . .
' Caus y ou ' r only t rans J atine; y our .. . ....... .
. . . . . . ne ed :;ome pictur es , si r .
llc , wh 1L ?
. . ... Di you ju · t. fix yu11r::;,JJ' in one po::jtinr1 ... .. ?
I 1~::c:<1 p r o-pu r Liona.lly 01 · Lhc..: l'1Jel l.!1ul, J use ,1 , Jlr'Obabl.v , three quar
L<; r ~_; or i.L Lra.n:d.1.Li.ne in 1LLJOut a L'or!.h or ii, ju st in the pitch an d
yu.w maneuver:; t.lia L we r e mu.de 1:tnd l d i_1in ' t try Lo tak e out r oll .....
un I cli.d.n ' t really (put in ) very mt1c:l1 roll ; one t ime I c a lle d -- I
c· lle out roll on my tape a cou.pl<.: ol' Li.me s but pi tc 1 • . • • •
Cu ld you .... <lid yo11 lm e s t,a.nt. i..ho11gh L11at wh an he di these pitch
and ya w ma ne v r:; h warai ' i., t r ying f, o Lrans l ate , he wa:3 actua lly
monr_;Lrfl.Ling Ltiat Lh.i:: r;ould be done?
Y<.::ut1 , al) 1 did wu: piL<;l1 c1 l i!.t.:l e Iii.I. r) c y aw :1 1. · ttle hit , y aw ,
d1i n JiLI.JP 01 · Lh i :: Ly-p<.: of m:rnc1ivc r·:: wil.h i t. , :ind to see i l I could
: :1.01) iL and p1J1 . i11 jn :;...i .!1al. -1 did11 1 I. p11L a.JI I.he mo ion s i.n too .
:;., iL w1J.::;n ' 1. l.r·1it.v , -1 :;<...::' wl11.1.I. Sim ' :; dr:-iving a1. . .. tha you don't
1-1:1.nl, 1.0 :;n,v Lla.1.I. Lu Lr un:.: Lu. .c f' roni po i.111. A t t i ll i s hrce qus.r ers
i11 Lr 1,.n:;Je1.1.iun :Lnd ;.1, quarl.cr in al.l.i[.11rl: . 'L'l\aL ' s whu . ym were
Yc : al1 .
ll l' m,y 1'11c ( i.11:d . c·,J.r-r.Y i 11 I.lie 1,;1nI I pn1bably u ·c thre quar ters in
I. 1·:u1:: I :ti , i_u1 1 ,,111 I a q1mr I.< ' r· in :-1.l. Li l.1J1 le , lli1 L yP t t Jon ' t. need ve r y mu h
--- PAGE 62 ---
4
111 at. I. ·. ,udt: . Ont: 1, • me I 1J,uL pl ~<.:bt;•J c,v(;r bacv.wards and I did use
1.,ne g n Lo La. e r,riat out , beca se I j st didn' t want to use the oxy-
ge n .
One more qu ·ck ques ion : . .... some of the ( numbers ? members ?) say
t..lJaL you were movin , the :;tr u Lure about in a one - side configuration ••••••
LL ' ::; _prett y big , but it. ve .Y well ht.1.~, Lo be wl thin y our work area--
.:rou know, • r1 your :,;ui t, you ' r e ra ther restric t,ed on whe r e y ou reach
you don ' t r ,, ci.Cb IJIH.lcrnet:t.Lh and behind _you especially, but out n
rronL- ·r e. guy would ' v~ iluudt:n me ~~om - thi ng hat ' s i g , I coul ' ve
ll t.ld ii., .
'1'<..m Lwenty ft:: e t, .....
'!'en , right , Len .. . ..................... 'l'en by Len sec j ons •• ••• ••
Wai t, n ow wait a minute, we ' r e talking about Gma.ller tings right
no w- .
•r n y ten what? ........ Mov·ng where ? lJo whuL with iL ?
1 cuu l cln ' L inove i 1., 1.n -j nch , l,e aus ! l won dn ' L have anything to •••
how w,>uld J move i.1.'? J ' de Lhe 01.l1cr way ii' 1 mov ed ·· t t Ls way •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I'ropu I :; .Lon .. .•• (:q,ia.J '?
,~•> , I dor ' t. 1,tiinl, .!1i:; i:, 11:; , ii,'::; 1i1ll. wl\aL w,· w re ien.-ns ra 'ng
w i Ll1 i I, ....
v,:u.!1 . 1 8C•~ ,,,11:1.I. ,Y<lll 1 r· c i11L,·n!::.;Le.t ill .
<111• t.hing ,Y lH J 1~ot.\.1), l,c , ·1H ·,•1'1tl o r. • •
Y<->U 1~uL a · 'nLer ul' gruvit.V L11:.1.t its hing y ou 'r talking ab out ,
--- PAGE 63 ---
j•,,: 11, 14
.r<:;a ly v ry ,1<"· I. I gr~ L pr 'I, Ly cl.ose .
1 knew wh er mine was .
These t hing~ , these things ar e weightless up there but they're not
ha:;kets thaL fly away , one y ou get tlle ·e th ings goin , y ou gott a
:; .op Lhem 1.wain i. l' you :; L:irLed pu:;r i. 11~ , if you had a • •• some me· ns
,1t' p r OJJOI'Ul>n , you ' ve f~oL :;omcLhirw I ilH: the :;i.des of Lhis able
KO ·ne,, 1.1.n il' ' L l, i L Lhn.t. wall O Wll Lh1! r <; , i L ' c..l. go r ight through
i L.
'l 'h.i s i~ tl'lc gen ra I flU ::; I.ion .I ' m 1(;1J.n i ng t : 1~ i t , wel , I ' m try-
ing to get i L . .. wiLh the i~tjncLion -t,110.t yo u can u se i t ••••• aut o-
matic tape cl.a.bi.liz.a tion ..••.••
You ' d have t.hc :.;rune pro l m wi h automatic s tabilization t hat y ou
would . . . . . "ure .
But wi.Ll:1 aut.owa U c stauilization you mlght , i t would set down in
I' i.ne ( re i; • s Lune: ' Lo ) t he mo Lion wher wj th tlYi :: thing you would.n' t •••
w iLh n g1U1 _y o11, prolHl.bJy , wo11L ll yo11 kn<M , ho w Lo find , you ' ve gotta
[' i llli ..... . . , .
Y1>11 111(•11.11 , .Y"" !1av,: l.q l 'i 111L y,HH" 11.ut.0mal. i e stalii lization s soon as
y()u ' v,· held un Lt a I, n hy Len box , i L wo 1 s L· bilize you and i t
t.00 ·1
~n _, for Li1 , i. t wOL ld s tar f' ring
W•lJ , i 1' y,111 <:ou.l cl :.; t • .I I hol cJ on
Lh t:l.:.1.Ji.]i'I. r· .
Ul1 a1J wil.ltin limil.:; ul ' Li:; conLroJ • • • • ••
Y,:tt.ll , [ Ll1i111<. ,VOii would !'i nd , )11l. Ll1;d . iL wasn ' L esig.ed to do that .
::,•(.; , j I' ,Y )II l11.1.d It :: _y:.:;L<'lll l,11:1.L W u]d :;l. t· av ,o y,) L •••
--- PAGE 64 ---
Y(Ht hwl 1..1. ::ys1,1~u, 1.111,.t Wu. :; :;L rappc~ Lo you ttai..
11:.1.d automat ic ··i.,.abil.izat •on and t r anslation of a pe r son , well ,
than you ' v e got the whole of a box or something that you were hold-
ing whe n you we r e down in one c orner of it . I ' m s u r e that y ou woul d ' nt
buve engouth stabili:L.atlon con\..rol author i ty o handle the t r ansla tion
,1(' ·oml:thi n~~ like that , be<:au1c;e yo u ' re putting your engi ne ...
Well it d epe nds on his mu:; s . Ag aLn you said it ' s mas . If it
were magnes.i.um bonds or ~ometbing , then .............. .
I think we ' re asking ..... .
Y(::ah , well .r know what we ' re tu k.in g il;o ut -- we ' re talking about
l,u ild Lng a i;pa e s \..a.t on . I ' m as rinx.Lous to do th a t us Lhe next guy ,
h \.. \..h i<.: isn ' t qui Le wha\.. we looked into . I H.p-pr e c iaLc y ou r quest i on ;
we ce r t ainly have Lo fact up to lL. ...... .
On- sta.bilizat · on , uh , su pose you were t rying to take of ( both pic
\..ur es ) on Gemini , compared to Me r cury ....•
Wou1 · i t take you what?
"uppo c, e you Lry to Lake one photo -pic\..ure of t he star , say thr ee stars ,
uh , w at do you th i.nk y our s nsi.t i vity i n terms of an,,;ular accur acy
wou d be for ··a.v , L n s •c0nds or I.hr ~e secondr; focus, ngular - wise
l,uL (wh o ) Luo k pic;l,tir - :~ n 1.' t.h _ ho j:;,on n.nd ... . .. change s ··our degrees
1,t: r :;(acond .
Ol1 , c ,1er. 1.l1n.L ...... l.u UH~ d ,Y• ~ll 1,a I I lh)n'?
W, ·11 , iL ' :: 1i vr; r-y ::pc(: i:d qu c:::t. i u 1 vn p:c nerul i:c.ntion , you know,
_y ou ' r· , muv i rt/.~ ar·o und , l1u-w c· 1J.1\ y ou , c:u.i 1 you C-ut!rl\..erac the motion
un U111 vc l1i<'J · , 1·or 1n::Lanc' , Ll1e Ccrn.i.ni ca11:;ule .... to t ake stabilizer •••
Ycu.h , yo 11' d liu.ve Lo , i 1· y ,H 1 W'a nt \..1) t:onrpa1·e i with Mercuey s 1.bilizer,
--- PAGE 65 ---
Belt 14 7
you have to Go back and get moment of impulse of the control system,
then apply it to the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and then
do the same with the Gemini ....
No , in this case he ' d be moving a camer a .
Pardon?
Move Lhe camera to control the angle .
Do you jnst hold it?
You hold it, yeah . We could take them as well as you could in Mer
cury, 1:i.ccording to how stable Lhey tie it .
lt/ s quite pos:.;ible that you couJ.d stabili ze the spacecraft better
than you could stabilize Lhe . . . . .
Yeah , can you get that in the spacecraft . . ... . Thank you .
Uh- huh .
I would (use ) the spacecraft to stabilize it ... to hold it out the
window, kinda hold i t out the wondow, you have to, you don ' t have
lo move the stabilizer .
The spacecraft is moving, that means that you 've gotta , you have to
move your hand al the , an opposite rate, or the opposite direction,
L.lie :rn.me t·at.e thal the ::.;pucecrafl 1::.; moving , I don ' t think that you·
w.1.nl t.,,i do Lfltd, , l>CCt.t.USC yrnl ' ve 1;;0L U stab i liY.er thing in your
111-.1.nd lioldl n1.( it,, what, you \vould p rubauly do is brace your hand up
f.t.ga:i.n:; L U1e s.i.de of the ::.;pE1.c:ecraft lin<i take the p i ctur e , then you' re
going to get . . . . . .. .
Yeah, you sec we've got a site on the spacecraft ( bl astoff ) that has
a rud.ical Uw.t you ' :re go.i.nµ; to light i 'or night so with the minimum
im._p11J:;e Lim!. we have in Lhe spacec:rart , we could fix it on a star ,
--- PAGE 66 ---
Belt 14 8
and g ~L a i' ixcd u.tLHude sLabili zecJ i n Lh is mo.nner . It would p r o
bably be r athe r ... .. (uns table? )
• have the fe eling it would be very stable . ome of our section
:;iting ov er the re par t icularly whe n we were wor k ing on the Apoll o
:3 l ting , where I wus ke eri • ng u. ce rtain fi xed t wo star s on a ertai n
l1J(:a Li.o on m.v w!rulnw :J.nd .Ji m ;J u 0t. clo.i.np; i "v<·i · t h<'t' with pul es •••••
111; tHcJ11 ' t, t11.1vc; Lhe c11<.1 i ·:.il orI • •••
Ile h u<l the ra i ca) o n . On y e ah .
. ..... .. ... . . You we re well wi th in :i degree t aking a fe w minutes
of oxyg en . You can hold it wl thln u d - g ree or a quarter of a degree .
Yo can g e t the e xact answer to th.i.s if you just analytically ••••
Do you have the data?
N0 , I can ' t, qt1ot .i. L to y ou of'f - han IL ' s not i n the orde r of h un -
c.:0m.J..
My 0vc a.Ll j mpr ,s ::;iun wn.:; t.ha.L w W(; l.' <..: mor e :_; t.,.1.lJle thaL I thought
we wou.J. b • when we: warJt cd to stab.i I .i. zc .
. _ . . Wt: ' ve luoked flt our agenda here, u.nd it I s got some ge neral quest ions
i.n the end , ~et, l:l. good si..u.b"ili:.::ation ::;tudy go i.ne; ••••
'l'hu.t ' :; i'in e 1-1ere Lher ,.my more qu estions on the terrain photography?
I ' ve r~o L a question . Can u fr.:llow, y u \mow look a:L he movies a n
.:, ,c; "if wt ~ ~ot any Lc rr .l.i.ri 0 11 Llt·re '{
rnaLLc·r· 01 · f:.t.l · L, T c oL til e i.mpres s io ti J'rom w,1::t.· y ou howe
a .; y •;; l.<~ r ua.v 1lfl.L• i ·rn)un , Llw.l. Ll 1t •re ' ;, qui ·e a hj L of t r a in .
/\JL< n.l :.:n snm • u I' I.lit• )'J - 111 i) J i lllL L<.: I'.' I' i Im::; .
--- PAGE 67 ---
J:<: It J.4 9
ol' tlic j'.)- nti JlimeLc r'?
Uh , yeah ,
ost of them are I think, blocked , becaus e we have to be over the
water, but, if I ' m not m· staken , on the lit tle bit I just caught a
J o ok, i,here migt1 t, be some land bnnd ~ .
Oh , y e:; , ., ,J. muL Le c of tad, you r; t Lhree or four uh , t hey ' re
Loward l,he end of that box of 55 - mill · mete r s.l i.de s . Ii, s hows spe c ular
:; Lr c1.11r<c:s probu'uly, tt1ey w !:tCn ' t L:.Lk.1..m outs ide they we re over
/\i:;iu :.:omewhe r buL they were reaJ.ly n .i<.:e . Those definitely should
l,c blown up cJ.lso the mov le s .
We id uk a lot of movies of the clouds .
~r~ di just, a couple of t imes , just turn the thing on . We were n ' t
e;o · ng to tak movies a r o n us of Lhings that we re st ill , and
1-run ed - to get, a ig s Lrue; Lure of' L 1e . • • • • • area so I took some over
Ll1e }!ac lfir. , on i,hc - up over the northern Pacific between Hawaii
m the UniL d ''L:\.te..: , abou L 5 , '4, o '.> minute8 .
We took a lot of ocelill movie · .•••
Was there ever any qt.1e ::;Lion in your mind as to wh ether or not you
we r e look ing nt elouds , did you always ge t •••••
I )ityl :i (J;tl L.
IJn_vl i gtiL o.ntl rdgltLLi..mc .
tl:iy.l i.gl1L , I.here .is 11ev ·r :w,y dotd.> L .
/\L ni1~l1L l,imc; il. i :J .k ' rnl 1,1." l1ani t.,l ~;,:' the t~r,iund .
u 11, q1w:.;l. i.,,J1 r .r u1,1 t.lw pi <:L1 1n•:;, .i.t. djd noL U.FJlcH • o be! Loo g r ound
!111L w<· r c _yu11 uik Lo t,e con:.:l· i.ou:: \> I" ti11zc or u$t l aye , say over
_you.i:· , e~c r t.:; or even ovcr pol..l u ,iort arco.s or 1,; j ie s and so f o rth .
W< •re you. con:;civus 01 · r: •c inp; Ll1e i1 1du:;tr-i.al pullution or the dust?
--- PAGE 68 ---
..
Belt 14 10
Ove r or t h Arica a couple of times we comme nted on dust storms,
although they weren ' t r eally dust storms ?
We weren 't s re that was a dust storm, right . Remember I sai d that
is a ........ , and then we said well maybe not .
It wasn ' t a <lust storm us you woul<l see it from an air pl ane whe re you
·cc the wind J.ow· ng on or prior to the <leseri. .
I.Je et: i. ed i. t, wasn ' t u. .u s t storm, j u:,;i a dusty haze .
Ovt.:r N r th /\1'ri a .
Ovt;; .t Nnr h Af"ri cu . Over no1·th Indi u. Lt1<::re wu::; quite a pronounced
lin..:;e r edor ed .
l wo ld wa y y ou we r e , far le s s con:;c j_uu::; of i t.. In fa ct , a r ather
interesting thing , it ' s - on one of our fi rs t pus ses over the Cape
I was looking on talking to the Cape at that time , I told t 1em
I could look own and see the Cape, launch pads and everyth ing was
quite clear . But in fact the weathe r own th re was not clear at
till. Some of the i 'ell ows wer e leav.ing at t hat.. Lime to g o back to
lk>uston , k ml t,he vi.::;l bility was ver,y, very lo1v . You c ould se e a mile
p r• s0rn, ;Lhin1-: 1t11d j _l. wu.; aLJ qu · t; •••• •
W,· c;u11.l< l :;L, ::Lr-ai.gl1L d< wn l1til. we r-,1 1iJdn ' t see Lhe hangove r at all .
J\1101.h ·r- qut:::l,iu 1, di.d y 1lu eve r - Gor 011 C oper m,te tho: the r e
w:t :.; <•La Li ,,n hj:~ :radio l.he s11me Ljrnc when he saw ligh ~ening di~
cliur ge on t11 g r ound . f!.:l.(i you - jll you get any stati~ that you might
!,ave co rre lu.L ,a wiLh b .i ng near di:;Lurbc weather on the gr ound .
'l'fli. s i:..; ort of a chanc: ot.rnerva.tion if you made it .
N , J rlon ' t Lhink I did .
N(l 1 d.irl.n ' L u i I.her . We wa .. :1. lot i1 1 i.ghten-· ng .
W, • - •tJ • had 11<, •• .
--- PAGE 69 ---
,,l ., .
J!cll. l '
No , I wou.LrJ.ri ' t :.:,1~y th1:;. t I d u . .
• I ~uc s s y ou would call i t but y ou c ouldn ' t . . . it did n "t
. t a ny r ate .
Did y ou notice t h e . . with t he fla sh i f 1 •p_; htni ng . . . .
'rhe r wuc nn a wf1Jl lot of light ninc;
f;urc w.1s , . ,outh fl!n ri r~ •'l.ncl .
/\.ny more covcrag . on t l 1c wa.t(: p 1oto1--~r·u.phy 'l
Y<';; on atmosp }1crlc- ph ,nomenu . . . Did you eel us t hou gh you would
l,a ve Lj me to study t h m i.n" t rwneni..r.1.lly' I mean f rom the t i me that they come
into vj ew until they pass out of v:i c w·t Did y ou g o t hrough the e xercise
with the i nstrument - l et ' s say a hand- held spec trome ter or . . . .
Di I phra se the question'!
I think so . . . . . . but I ' m not s ure of t he
d ration thc:1.t your s tudic" r-equi r e .
Tho.t ' s m._y probl m - I wu t r ying to p;ct some re 1 as to the d uration
!:bat y ou hncl nome t;l1j ne; ln 'i{-~h t .
. wl1l: n ~ y ou ' d f ly a l ong in r egard
l.<, wlluL th w Ll1t t · wa:-: :tncl you ' d :;1t y 0 . K. , :LI. '..> minute s a ter e leven
I ' 111 F~orna cl, i 11 i.;p ct romc tc.r- r; tud,y 1Ln<t Lhen y ou ' d set the thing p and
Ht'..; minut •i; ur1;,r· 1 1 .vou w uJtl ... l,:1.rt jt o r jg i t s omc thi11" where you
W< >u.lcJ :;:1.y . that ' s been rep o t ed to
·1,,, ;~> rnil., 11or·i..l 1 or· Trj _
p :iol i - I ' m 1~oinr; to st-.tuty . . . . which o f t hese
l./1 in{-'.:: ur· • . . . . .
--- PAGE 70 ---
Be:lt 1 5 2
I ri lookln(.~ :·(, r ,,1 ,,J(• 1· UJ (Jrj Lh<; v. r oimrl 1,.nd t hinr.i;,; like 1,h1;1.t you ju ct don ' t
l'jnd Lh ·rn '..,,00 rn .l.lcr: iri fronL o yo u .
1/ow a out comething in the sense or a targe t, of opp o rtunity '? You see i t
with out ad v n ea warni ng .
I woul think y Oli ' cl hav • or, Lhc ordc.:r o a minute or 80 seconds maybe to
,. tudy i t i C you have y ou ( cq11ip mcnt ) al: eady mi ea ged. i f you want ed to
I ook at i t y ou ' v' got to a im the SJ)/l('r:r: r af't as i t, s ay .
A ·min£~ the :;pnc c.r.:Lf't ~!t-. it s not ,lj l'I :ic ult . If' you've got a field to do
j y ou can truck ,·tght on I! point.. II' y ou ~Hy a t h unclcrs torrn, say, off to
your lef t, you could mn.neuvcr th cp acec raft u r ound t here and just ke ep
pointing at i t as i t we n t by.
About h ow many mi.lcs would 60 secons - 8 0 s ec onds
We] 1 of cou sc 2~ 0 down . • •• ' o cl own -
II-.J
'l'hat ' ... about 80 ::;cc·onds .
'r h:it ' s 80 secont1"" rou• hly .
'J. hfJ. t ' . right . Fu the (norm1tl) 11J l;.it1 1t ('
·1 ' vc f~oL n w-l1ult · :; c•t ol' claLa ii' _yu 11 w:t1 1l. i t l'or va ious a l t i tudes on just
Yo 1 ' v • r;rovjtJ.cd t ·rniug h-
/Incl J thin}. ,vo-u t·a11 prol,n.li)_y :· c: , :i t. 1· nm1 the ;;01... down b l ow the horiz o n
T Lrij nk y o 1, <·an 1'. t a n •;i.J. i'.u~xl I' ·< ·J •i 111'. l 'or :i L l yot I take a look at
:; 1>mc ol' t lc• Lruc·klng :i.lin on whlch we _ ooked l'or an object on the g round ,
--- PAGE 71 ---
Belt 15 3
f'ound the ub j ec·1., 1.1.nd th en tr:--i.eked it all the way . And as soon a s they
g t that film 1'J.ml put the pi e ces i to make it - it's a sequence came ra
it ' s not a real movie ca mera - as soon as they put the pieces in and in
sert the extra frames so i t is in :-uh a movie came r a I think you ca n get
,i real i • 11. of .xu.ctly how lone; y o1; 1 ·nn see . So if you know how much re -
q 11 i r um~nt y ou lt:1,vc· 'LS r-1,.1· n.r: 110 :i nr-'. ,1 /(lltr inst umc' n ation ts concerned, you
•·•tn L1·]l c·x:11.c·L.I .Y wl 1c trH'r y o u <'1rn c11 · wl11J.L kind 0 1· meo.01tr-cm nt:::i you c:nn make .
'l.'l 1r•ri yo1 <·Hr1 1J.]:io l;l1c o n •'l;jc·n.ll..Y l.'i/,; 1ir·e l t oui,, Loo .
'l1}1 big problem t::; to id .n·t;i f·,y thC' ol>jc r· t . If you ' t'e looking for a
::;p c: fi object, a. <:erLn.in t hund.e r:;torm or the northeast corner of the
Red Sea or something , that means that you don ' t - you're not going to be
0
a ble to pi ek it up ci.nd aim the s pc1.c:e<:raft at i t 30 below the h orizon.
You. ~ g oinc to ha ve to wa i t awhile . You ' r e p obably not g o ing to get it
IJj,ckc out ' til lat •r so that your tirn on tl1e target is s oing to be le ss .
0 . o urse you k now th angc is cltan1~ing very rapidly. 'I'hat thing i
l1clo1,r you - -::.ay it ' <> rt f-: ht 1 ·low your tra .k . When y o ,, irrt see 0 t of
1.11:it J1'.;
0
~·
.i I. , ,. 1-'.<J i n1'. t;n lir. r J1 11-~ f] y ;,oo mile s r,.wn..,y nnd L you paes over
i L 'll h ~'()() ,n:! .I( •: ; ,' l. v/1L,V • :;o tliul:, LI"' r,uige :i :; <:s se n t :i :..lly doubllng . If
.v11u 1 n· :irit,·n:~;b·d i 11 ··01 m- tll!n1.'. that. n·qLtire::; 1.m _ythinG like a onstant
r;mgt · I don ' t 1rnow exucL_y lt w y o1i ' d d.o that . T'lis i s a problem that you
J>r .
J,r·t rn • t y to 1·c.•-phras tl1;,,l; qnc st:Lun . . . . althOU{'.l l I think it wa s
. yo we c tracking
T LI i11k. my 11.nr; wl ·1 · Lo .iL wu:; ;1 y 's , lluL le t me t·ep hrase the que stion a out
--- PAGE 72 ---
!,
Llie se tar gc L:; 1)1' opportur1 i ty. Let ' ~- take t he airg low fo r moment here .
There ' s the night air glow, t he twilight glow and the day glow. Now
the r e a r e no . . . . . . of day glow. That would t ake (pe rhaps a) second
exposure , a nd you know where to look the nex t time around , and ( you can do
Lr,at forever . )
'.!.'Ile Lw-Lli gllt td r1-~low m.i.f~I i t t n.kc 10 seconds to 1-~c t . .
/\n<l Li c rd e:h t, id r·r(Low y ou w-01.LL(l w11,n "L rnaybe l1 minutes . Now ho\./ do you feel
:il,out i f tliat w-·r:c prop:r1.!Jl1Jn ·<l in w-i ti, prope :,pc t ographs'? Either hand.
Ii •ld. r on tl e capsul e . Ilow (io y ou reel about i t ' Ta ki ng a one-second
c :x.'})O"ttre ~r the 1.lay p;lm-1 , a J 0- s econd expo sur • o the t wil ieht gl ow, and
:L 4-m-i.nut exposure o i,h ' n •g l t e;low. You ' r mov ing a.ll the time , but
the p l,- nomena ..u ·c .P ctt.Y mur:h the ~;n.mc duri ng that p eriod .
One f,e ond 'r; no problem f o r ut; . l•'ou r· mjnuter; , you m:i. f~ht hav e to be a littl8
l>lurry.
I t hi..nk y ou c:oultl probu.hly , ·i f' yo u tr·ied e n ou13l1 y ou could p robably get a
1 0- s e ,;ond .
}'our minul, s-
Wcll o[' c ou -~;c tti c: r,p r· tnc.rapl 1 1·a11 . . . . . . . . t he t i me to p ermit a fair
amount of 1110l~ion L o.
'( uu ' (l p; . t ~.umc LI I i n1-: Ofl Ll le-
1.111: :: p (.'cl;o1,'.1 ·a l 1 ,·u1Lld :;L•1.y- i. 11 01 ·bi L, Llit) pc1·:; n11 would have t o gu ba k in.
::< , ::l u,r·Ll y 1d ' L1·1 · 1.111.ct, l.l 1c <' >CJ)Cr i 1111·11I, \v:is t ,·icll in u oc ket and the ro ket
:; L: di i I j ·1.1l 1..i rn w-:c:, it prnllJ. · in , too . W" i Ll1 tim i n1~ a · ter our minutes , the
,,xpo:; H c one tl:i.<l 1-:c t tlie ··:rx:1 ·Lo,•_: :1.pl1 b co.us the thing was able t o poi nt
1n i, i1.i. s (lj r·c d~iori vcn tr1m11-~.h iL di <l 1-nl)ble u. littl~ bit .
I w-u 11.l tll1 ' L Lh h1k y oi1 1 <i W":t11L l.() l1anil - ll)J 1l n. '1- 111:i.nute one , I' l l t ell you
--- PAGE 73 ---
Belt 15 5
t.J1at-
No , no .
You ' d h ave to be spacecraft-modern. You could get the rates down low
nd you could-
0 . K. -
You <·u llld c rta:i nJy holcl it wHh in a lib.lf a tlcgree . :But now your half-degree-
You ' d h~v · t10.lf- clc1;;rcc: ton~s w'L t.;r1j n L11c s pa, ·r ,·ro:ft • ( I think that
w )1u<l do J L) .
•ell t ' ~, all r.igl,t . You can build :i 11 i <:c:r.ta i n a.mount o smear ( so you can
,~ t. u. very good c'lny) .
Wnit :1 sec on Le t. m ftsk you an Lf 1 ·r thi n/~ - What is the ai r g low that
you ' r, . lookine; 1::1.t now. llow 1,dll you l o ok o.t tlii s't Whe e !:I.bo uts is it
(;\Oine; to be'?
Well, i t will c at the hori:.wn, or u. tl egre e or. two above it .
I know, b ut you sec , y ou 'r looking t - the hori zon beh ind you i s gone
rlonw - b y very r,:i.st . rhc airglow is essentially -
0 if you' re looking a t a
(l:i ff cr-cnt 1)· ·c of the 1.tire:low - 110 1~ L11 horjz on at a certain spot . Now
:t 1·c yuu Hi-il'I/-.',; l:.t J1okl,cltind y ou :u,<..l Jook a t continually cha nging airglow
(,1 · ]\l<>k i n 1r 01 it·. 1· y(.iu 1Lnrl. •·c c a c·OJ1t:.inualJ.y c·hanginu; airg low or a re you
;~\l l1 11'. L;o Lr ·y rtn I :Look 01 !l: u.i; n •i p;ht :i11 viewpoinL and try to pick up a pie e
r,I ' 1,. -11·1;,;low 1J.nd l.r-11., · I• • •••
'l ' l11 lL ' :: .'1 V<·r ·y l:-'.o nd q1wcU011 . I W\ ltLld : i:1.y one would 1ie v ry a't.isfied to
01 10 0llou..l I also t.:ry tl1<~ o tl 1cr exp r·imcnt . Ha Ha Ha .
I clidn ' t Jt'l( 'lln t:.l1;tt I <1:i rln ' L tl, · nk or your expc iment, Dr .
I djdn ' t tnt : ; 1n Lo <·omplu :in .
i':1.1 ·L uJ' tl1 (• 1'.11.r11• · ·
I'"
,, I'' I
--- PAGE 74 ---
r,
, •:csj_ l_y done tha.r trying tu Ln1c:k 1:1. ,; •rtai n spot in the airglow because
that mea ns that if your flight pat i s thi s way, y ou ' ve g ot to aim the
spacec raft over he re and t hen you ' ve got to trac k it a long like this .
I t would seem to me that it ' a easier to just put i t s ome plac e and h old
it thee .
MM-hmm.
And cspeci n.lly f rom t be :pi l ot ' s s tandpoi nt when you ' ve got a guns ite or
r·omething like it . mn i nto:Ln that apace cra ft es s entially wi ngs
.leve l with . . . and ii' th pitc:b Hti.,itude ' s paper, you don 't have to
wnrry u O\Jt t he t;rnnslntj_on FLc · rosG the . . .
'l'li.i. c j ., a q_u.csl.jon on hoth '.> ,rnrl 6. Tn terms o f" p re- warned subjects , like
thiu ~ort of th 'ng . /\ lot of
pr ·e -wurn cl au.b Jc<:1.,r; . 'l'o your e ye liow 1:ar 1,clow the !10 i zon could you
.eel you could pic..:k up say 11 we a tli . r phenomenon . Now you ' re not l ooking
Lh rough the atmosphere at somcthi gin the tmosp here . Do y ou fe el you
0
1 :ould see c.ay 10 be l ow tb horiz on '! Can y ou (:ome up with some e s timate
there . I f you ' r e pointed head csscn t ·in.lly try the plane towards it so
i t ' s ln y 01Jr winc low.
WouJtln ' t ttri:_; dt ·pc r1d. 11pon wl1nt; t <-· J..l lic'ril)IDen n wu.s-
•·uvv r·<· cl 11. ! COO m il :': llfl t;Jw ::i dv lii., •~; make i t more
' ,00 111i L r; I>r1 1;1,.. :;i( <' - I ' d ll0 ab!,· I. , ., c tl1:.tL at 10(_ below the horizon .
Tl' .it. we're· ll .li11< · or Lll1wd1·r ·:;L 1·in: ; , .I t. lllnk p r· llably 20 or 30° . If
:ro1i ' r ' lolil<.int: 1'01 · ~om<· 01 · the trdnr~:; Lh::tt we Wl c looking for at 30°
--- PAGE 75 ---
Uclt 15 7
l 1c.low (Jw l1(11·i·:,(Jr1, I l,f1rn111,ld, 1.h,,.I. 1,,,,_:: 'L p;ool p.1:,.r·i: Ln J1;ok f'e>r :an1dl ob-
.1< :r·L r: . W'J1, , n w, · :llL.'J :'.Hwd.1 CJl,,)cr · Lo> tt1c:y hav e: Lu ttav h1.rge identifying fea,...
Lures near them; mayb if we ' re going to start l ooking f or something like
the
. . . . . . . . . . . . ( could be a c loud )
-th Hcd fie , . 30° Jclow the ho iz on> I think you could proba.bly
r3Lart; piclclne; j t 1.tp . 'fld.s is below tl1e: a pparent h o r i zon . This is below
Lhc lor:al l1orizontul.
H•ig} L.
l\r:, to w-11t .r and land yrni cny ii, mn_y lie ?O t o '50° . As or . l ouds , perhap s
abouL the same , 01· mayl>c furU-, r up ·t
A little furth r up .
Furth r up .
To tell the di -rrercnce b. tw n a "'torm a nd jw:: t a s heaf that ' s so far
ol'r tk1t y u can ' t te l l jf i ' s just, u ::,heaf or c.: louds or is it onestly
a st rm nthcrin , .
You r·P.c ac you f~ t farth r out th re . o0 bel w t he ho izon . . when you ' re
l.ooki r11-'. J: i kc• tl1n.l, y ou ti.on ' L know Ll1c d.i r-rcrc111 ·<' - One degree cithe s1de
(•o ver:: 100 ' :: 01 · mjlc" , co if.' you ,-~r·L rl1;ht wi1 below you one degree either
:: :id<' cinJ y (' )VC r:i 1.t c·oupl rrd .I.es . : : . •i. f' you r,ct too l' los to t e hori-
:1.on _y ou'1 ·( • •nJJ.y not; c· n tninr~ itny p i nt o tL t here . -
'L'loe puLnt !:; , :i r I r;ci.. 11v l'or say 5ct 01: 2 0 hclow the' horizon, would
I.hat 1x: a /'.OOCl p la< :c: to /.;j V r.t man 11 v1 lue on to set up ·?
J think 20() wo11. Lu lle ( (•;t::;i(.;) ", y s. )
J l;hink ';20() w u.l<l Ii ea~:ict ·.
--- PAGE 76 ---
'(,11; :pirJL ·1 u1 ' L dilT<:rr:11L.ird, ; iri wh1,.t :1rnt ' re l1 )u v.·i.nf.J; aL.
Wcl.l you c., -(; we ' r~ plH.yJ ng 1:1. csamc he re be tween giving you enough time to
cet on it so you ' re on it when you get the r e and at t he same time not
so far t hat it ' s wastine time.
Really to me you ' re not wasting t ime at al l when you tell me whe re to
start even f y ou start me way out . ro tell you the truth, I wa nt to
1
start looking as soon as I -
O. K.
1 '1 l,ell you 1111 this though , jf you ' r - just eoi ng t o give one time-
No . 'rhat ' r, no good. .
\.J11il'l1 time woul, y·ou like , row? I was talkin g-
I f you. ' rc 1.i;oing to give t hem multjple tlmes, you know, start early and
just ,:ontinu. out , but if you. ' re cj 1w t ~oi ng to give one time, then I ' d
. 0
suy 30 .
30° .
Or 20° maybe , but no closer to th horizon.
From the earth ' s horizon . That ' s about 45 half the horizontal, or some-
I t ' ::; ,{bout'.> . . . . . . . • • • ?O .
No .
. . ..... - . . . . . .. .. .
N<, 1; .i r· iL :..;ur< · i ,;n 't. M(ln· ,Lboul. a minute and A. half . Then he goe s .
'(uu ' v,· 1-'.0L t;u 1•:1' t it nt: 1.11 on it. .at··1.v , ,11 ough L.,, l111ve the same kind not to
throw ul.l .Y<)lU' w'l:jgl1t, l ' j ,J,li~ pi(' k ·i 11g .-u·ound mKL wait for it o a long
t i me .
--- PAGE 77 ---
...
'J
. . . your re ul key , t ho ut~h 1 s t rio ir t titr~ you look a t i t
it ' s pretty harr to find i t . As soon as you' ve gone b y it once , maybe
mi ssed it once, the n ext time you c ome throu gh , y ou can give it up there
at 10° if you wa nt . You know exactly what y ou 're looking f o r and you
know what ' r: com · ng before and y ou v.o right up to it and get a
Cn.u.,, you' r-c s Ly1n ~ nbout 30 to do t t1at or lt-'.; d own . r om the horiz on for
0
t rr-1.i.:J n ancl pcrhr:1.ps a l.i ttl J.'u.rU t _ r up f or wc t1. ther . . . . . 10 further
up i'or· w - 1.1.Lher on a f:I rsl:;- on u. dw.nc:c basis t uri;;et of oppo tunity .
I just wanted Lo 1-1.sk you thu t in your - part II of t h is - u nder the great
and unde r the terr:Lal - what is t l1e r;;round altitude that you took 4
shots with the pitch down - I don't know if both of y ou were up or not .
You pitched down and y ou fired a thru ster as a preliminary to t he experi
ment on t h · red:i ncal lir;ht to see how much t he thruster flame would and
c ould int r-fe:rc wi t t h e t:Lrget . I was jus t wondering what you actually
obs rved on t h e:
/\ny brigh t·,n ss of t he thruster and. e o -f."orth and if 1 t c: ou.ld have any
err •r· t on l;h' l.Ul'.'f:'. ·t. I )nv c n I t f rn,u 1d. l'i photog r a p h Y .t .
W-c.Ll on c Jmc t h:L1lg 11k · , you ' d b •I, Le l " n~nlly 1-~c l: ov er there and l ook for
t hem be cause th ·y ' re ,.~o:iN< to tll.rll 011.t bal ck nd y our polaroid probably
l s n ' t e:;oinr'. ·to pr-j_nt them.
'l 'lJC ,V ' r-e i n the ;l;-.1 e k-1w d-w}r i t . niJ .l , arcn ' t LJ1 ·_y?
. . . . d.u eumc nL ouL ( ) JI t h e tap e .
--- PAGE 78 ---
.Lldt l'.; lG
'!' hr..: <l u curn(:11L 0 1JL ,,n U,c l:;upt: 11. rad ·1 1,1,Jnlr. th1;i.L'r: :pror,: r,Jy the part wher1c:
l,rie ti.pc . .
I believe lt ' s in the book t ere , 'Eirn.
Do y ou re(;all how they came out? You could see . . . . . . light or .
Oh , no . No . It ' s in the Sf.l.lll ball park, but the diagonal light that we
snw mn.ybe once or twice . You looked l ike y ou saw it on e , and
You did nee it once .
Well , we t~10u.gnt we djd i 'rorn what w ' tl been briefed up to . . . .
Did you dra w a pic:tur - of i t yest·r.d,iy't
Yeah .
I could comment . W talke q_ui t a h .i t about this afte t h e GT- 3 f light
and I know Gue arcl John oth hacl q 1ti t ci a bit t o say abou t i t if you want
lo he ck t he not•s on i t .
You mean on the-
On the bright Lh r.u sters , yeah .
Wa it a s cond . I t h ink tr1ey may l 1a.vc been talki ng a lot about the re- entry
r;ontrol syst m.
No . No . No.
Do y ou l<now w:tw.t c·n uscd you to s .e :i L'? Was .it efle ted o f the space-
,-raft or wa::; it an uu.ra f f~low s rn whc r around
/\ glow rrom bch:lnc.L.
You ' re ju:·L ::; . , •jrp; ·that .. ,· Li on o r· tl,c glow tlio.t comes your way.
Nuw - I:..; j L pr:Lmary or ::ec rnlu r-y ,'~ll)w. Was jt parti 1 s themselves
Lo l.11<: . j 1'.i1L, ni · ym1 t;hink 1·<:1'l(~c l;.i on ·· off t he )articles t hat were round?
J clo n ' t; thi nil.. you <·ou.l.(l tc 1.1. I t w-11.~.; ' ;o dim, you ouldn ' t tell .
--- PAGE 79 ---
Belt 16
I on ' L trd nk y ou e: 0 1 1 hel p - -
You d i sc sBe yesterday p ar tic les of space junk?
Yes vlff: did do you hav any part ic1dar q estion?
I w o1il rJ like Lo h11.ve the in r·orm.1V on ·1ute r thougr1 .
We .. wltat w:i., yo11r- quei_;Lion '?
l was ,ittsi.. c11r •i() 11s f.tllo11L L11c mn.ounL of' j nk you had al,out he space
,·rai'L .
Ji'r-om t.l H:: spucccruf:t?
Wcl.J., 1·r om Lhe:: .;pa.cecraJ'L uud also I.he amount :Ln the spacecraft?
J•'rom Lh e spac en.a.ft:. .
I am rtL) t tal king about any .strange par Licles t hat appeared .....
/\nd 11.J :,o , when _you w r • cmtsj clc Lhr~ Sp:J.c:ecra fl., whether you coul
J,_ ,;c:p :.1.ny ec~umc;tr-y ol' F;.11_y ,j unk off l.1 1,~ sp:;1.cecra ·t.? Par ticu)ar the
:,;pactTc1:J.ft ,,nc; l c uf vj ·w .
I didu ' L .-;1•c any - -
Y <>1 1 diiln ' L :pc ;.i.11.y pu.1·1.i,·Ic,s - -
::, ,.l.r· l Ii l. c!,; , >r· p1,r·l.i,:lc•:; l ' lullLir11-~ 1u ·., 11i1d .
I ::,,i,w 1.11 • 11: lnv e 1-'.lo:i L ol'J' .
11. w1~:~ a ,1c f' i rij I.<: .
1111 1. ii. w,•.:~ 110 1. .smitlJ psr- 1. i cl(; :.; t'l o1Li .i1tG off 'l. 11c :.,pac ec,a t?
Tl 1( : n : w,:rC' a I I k i rid:, .
J11 il , .Y <> 11 li ~LV<~ 11,) /'.!~O111cLr i ca.l pi. c.: t1u· , ol' LJ1ese w! 1e n yo were out side
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